Table 1.
Baseline patient characteristics according to flow status.
|
Total N = 193 |
NF N = 148 (77%) |
LF N = 45 (23%) |
P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 81 (73–87) | 81 (72–87) | 79 (75–87) | 0.772 |
| Males (n) | 87 (45%) | 67 (45%) | 20 (44%) | 0.922 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 27 (24–31) | 27 (24–30) | 28 (24–32) | 0.198 |
| Hystory of HF (n) | 46 (24%) | 37 (25%) | 9 (20%) | 0.491 |
| Hystory of AF (n) | 85 (44%) | 60 (41%) | 25 (56%) | 0.076 |
| Previous diagnosis of CA (n) | 8 (4%) | 4 (3%) | 4(9%) | 0.087 |
| Hypertension (n) | 148 (77%) | 115 (78%) | 33 (73%) | 0.544 |
| Diabetes (n) | 52 (27%) | 45 (30%) | 7 (16%) | 0.049 |
| CKD (n) | 56 (29%) | 47 (32%) | 9 (20%) | 0.128 |
| CAD (n) | 59 (31%) | 44 (30%) | 15 (33%) | 0.646 |
| COPD (n) | 45 (23%) | 33 (22%) | 12 (27%) | 0.544 |
| NYHA class (n) | 0.291 | |||
| II | 12 (6%) | 8 (5%) | 4 (9%) | |
| III | 168 (87%) | 128 (87%) | 40 (89%) | |
| IV | 13 (7%) | 12 (8%) | 1 (2%) | |
| SBP (mmHg) | 145 (120–163) | 150 (130–170) | 130 (110–160) | 0.017 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 80 (70–90) | 80 (70–90) | 80 (65–90) | 0.327 |
| GFR at admission (ml/min/1.73 m2) | 43 (27–59) | 43 (26–59) | 43 (31–60) | 0.626 |
| NT-proBNP (pg/ml) | 3257 (1830–6273) | 3009 (1766–6273) | 4388 (2545–6840) | 0.215 |
| BNP (pg/ml) | 512 (309–855) | 496 (265–924) | 555 (354–795) | 0.368 |
| High NatPs (n) | 172 (92%) | 130 (92%) | 42 (95%) | 0.391 |
| Admission-to-echo time (days) | 4 (2–8) | 4 (2–8) | 4 (2–9) | 0.295 |
| HR during TTE (bpm) | 71 (63–80) | 70 (62–76) | 80 (66–90) | <0.001 |
| AF during TTE (n) | 61 (32%) | 36 (24%) | 25 (56%) | <0.001 |
| LVMI (g/m2) | 102 (90–115) | 104 (91–115) | 95 (82–108) | 0.04 |
| LV-EDVI (ml/m2) | 50 (41–60) | 52 (44–62) | 42 (37–49) | <0.001 |
| LV-ESVI (ml/m2) | 20 (16–25) | 21 (17–26) | 17 (14–21) | 0.001 |
| LV-EF (%) | 59 (55–64) | 58 (55–64) | 59 (56–65) | 0.617 |
| LV-EDDI (mm/m2) | 25 (23–28) | 26 (24–28) | 24 (22–25) | <0.001 |
| RWT | 0.42 (0.38–0.46) | 0.42 (0.37–0.45) | 0.44 (0.38–0.54) | 0.062 |
| LV geometry | 0.058 | |||
| Normal | 65 (34%) | 51 (34%) | 14 (31%) | - |
| Concentric remodeling | 47 (24%) | 30 (20%) | 17 (38%) | 0.017 |
| Eccentric hypertrophy | 36 (19%) | 32 (22%) | 4 (9%) | - |
| Concentric hypertrophy | 45 (23%) | 35 (24%) | 10 (22%) | - |
| E/A ratio | 0.9 (0.6–1.38) | 0.9 (0.65–1.3) | 0.7 (0.6–1.5) | 0.711 |
| E/e’ ratio | 12 (9–16) | 12 (9–15) | 14 (8–23) | 0.37 |
| LAVI (ml/m2) | 45 (37–55) | 45 (37–55) | 43 (36–58) | 0.862 |
| sPAP (mmHg) | 43 (35–50) | 40 (35–50) | 48 (35–58) | 0.045 |
| SVI (ml/m2) | 38 (31–46) | 40 (36–48) | 26 (23–28) | <0.001 |
| CI (l/min/m2) | 2.64 (2.17–3.19) | 2.85 (2.42–3.36) | 2 (1.69–2.23) | <0.001 |
| TAPSE (mm) | 19 (16–22) | 20 (18–23) | 15 (13–18) | <0.001 |
| Moderate MR (n) | 58 (30%) | 44 (30%) | 14 (31%) | 0.86 |
| Moderate AR (n) | 17 (9%) | 15 (10%) | 2 (4%) | 0.238 |
| Moderate TR (n) | 48 (25%) | 32 (22%) | 16 (36%) | 0.058 |
| TAPSE/sPAP (mm/mmHg) | 0.44 (0.32–0.59) | 0.49 (0.38–0.63) | 0.3 (0.22–0.37) | <0.001 |
| Beta-blockers at discharge (n) | 128 (66%) | 96 (65%) | 32 (71%) | 0.504 |
| ACEI/ARB at discharge (n) | 84 (44%) | 70 (47%) | 14 (31%) | 0.055 |
| MRA at discharge (n) | 70 (36%) | 54 (37%) | 16 (36%) | 0.909 |
| Duration of hospitalization (days) | 9 (5–14) | 9 (4–14) | 11 (6–15) | 0.242 |
| Deaths at follow-up (n) | 83 (43%) | 50 (34%) | 33 (73%) | <0.001 |
Baseline characteristics of the study population. Continuous variables are expressed as median (25th and 75th percentiles) and categorical variables as counts (frequency percentages). ACEI, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; AF, atrial fibrillation; AR, aortic regurgitation; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; BMI, body mass index; CA, cardiac amyloidosis; CAD, coronary artery disease; CI, cardiac index; CKD, chronic kidney disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; EDDI, end diastolic diameter index; EDVI, end diastolic volume index; EF, ejection fraction; ESVI, end systolic volume index; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; HF, heart failure; HR, heart rate; LAVI, left atrial volume index; LF, low flow; LV, left ventricular; LVMI, left ventricular mass index; MR, mitral regurgitation; MRA, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist; NF, normal flow; NatPs, natriuretic peptides; NYHA, New York Heart Association; RWT, relative wall thickness; SBP, systolic blood pressure; sPAP, systolic pulmonary artery pressure; SVI, stroke volume index; TAPSE, tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion; TR, tricuspid regurgitation; TTE, transthoracic echocardiography.