Table 1.

Representative supramolecular assemblies applied in cancer immunotherapy discussed in this paper.

Supramolecular assembly types	Assembly domain	Immune agents	Immunotherapy types	References
Supramolecular Peptide Assembly (SPA)	Fibrillized Peptide (Q11, KFE8)	Model antigen OVA	Cancer vaccine	Rudra et al., 2012; Hudalla et al., 2013
	Bacterial lipopeptide (Pam3CSK4)	Peptide antigen	Cancer vaccine	Ingale et al., 2007; Cai et al., 2014
	Amphiphilic peptide (DEAP-DPPA-1, NLG-RGD NI)	IDO inhibitor (NLG919), PD-L1 inhibitor	TIME modulation	Cheng et al., 2018; Han et al., 2020
	pH low insertion peptide (pHLIP)	Fc fragment	Cell-based immunotherapy	Ji et al., 2019
Supramolecular DNA Assembly (SDA)	DNA cage	DNA antigen	Cancer vaccination	Liu et al., 2012
	SNAs	Model antigen OVA	Cancer vaccination	Radovic-Moreno et al., 2015
	DNA nano-cocoon (DNCs)	Anti-PD-1 antibody, CpG	TIME modulation	Wang et al., 2016
	DNA base pairs	Anti-CD3, anti-CD28, IL-2, etc.	Cell-based immunotherapy	Huang et al., 2019
Lipid hydrophobic assembly (LHA)	Lipid nanodiscs	Peptide antigens, CpG	Cancer vaccination	Kuai et al., 2017
	Lipid nanodiscs	DOX (inducing ICD)	TIME modulation	Kuai et al., 2018
	Lipid bilayer	anti-SIRPα, CSF-1R inhibitor (BLZ945)	TIME modulation	Kulkarni et al., 2018
	Liposomes	Plasmid DNA	TIME modulation	Song et al., 2018a
Host-guest assembly (HGA)	β-CD	TGF-β receptor-I inhibitor, R848, IDO-1 inhibitor, etc.	TIME modulation	Park et al., 2012; Rodell et al., 2018; Hu et al., 2020
Biomolecular recognition assembly (BRA)	Avidin-biotin	Anti-4-1BB, anti-PD-L1, anti-CD28, MHC-Ig dimer	Cell-based immunotherapy	Perica et al., 2014; Kosmides et al., 2017
	Antigen-antibody, Fc fragment	anti-TCR, anti-CD19	Cell-based immunotherapy	Schütz et al., 2014
	Membrane-anchored lipoprotein (ASSET)	Antibodies against leukocytes, siRNA	Cell-based immunotherapy	Kedmi et al., 2018