EXHIBIT 3. Opioid and benzodiazepine prescription fills per person per month for the study cohort of enrollees in the North Carolina Medicaid lock-in program, October 2009–September 2012.

SOURCE Authors’ analysis of data from the North Carolina Medicaid program and the North Carolina Controlled Substances Reporting System. notes October 1, 2010, is the date of implementation of the North Carolina Medicaid lock-in program. “Covered” means that fills were covered by Medicaid. “Circumvented” fills are defined in the Notes to Exhibit 2.