Table 3.
In vivo neuroprotective effects and related mechanisms of action of oleanolic acid and its natural and synthetic derivatives (2014-2020)
| Disease model/ physiology | Effect |
Mechanism |
Compound | Dose | Ref. | |
| ↑↑↑ | ↓↓↓ | |||||
| Focal brain hypoxia (rats) | Neuroprotective, IBI, decreased neural damage suppressing glial activities | S-100b, MAP-2 | GFAP, NADP-Diaphorase, iNOS | OA | 6 mg/kg·d, 6 d | [30] |
| Parkinsonian model (rats) | Prevents AIM, anti-PD, ameliorated dyskinesis | CAT | Affected limbs, AIMs, ROS | OA | 100 mg/kg·2 d, 8 d | [31] |
| Neuro-degeneration (rats, hydroxydopamin) | Protects against neurodegeneration | Cerabral doapamine, contralateral limb use | OA | 100 mg/kg·2 d, 7 d pre or post | [32] | |
| Brain damage (rats, fluoride) | Brain damage | GSH, SOD, CAT, GPX, GST, GR | sALT, sAST, LPO, NO | OA | 5 mg/kg·d, last 14 d, | [33] |
| Alzheimer’s disease model (rats, Aβ25-35) | Anti-alzheimer, increased synaptic plasticity, decreased Aβ25-35 toxicity | NMDAR-2B, CREB | CaMKII, PKC, BDNF, TRK-B, Ca2+, Latency time | OA | 21.6 mg/kg | [34] |
| Rat coronal brain slice | Neuroprotective, anti-alzheimer, | BDNF | APP (TAU) toxicity, | OA-Xn | [35] | |
| Cognitive dysfunction (mice) | Ameliorates cognitive dysfunction | pERK-1,2; pCREB, BNDF, TRK-B | - | OA | 0.625-5 mg/kg | [36] |
| Chronic unpredictable mild stress (mice) | Anti-deprassant | pERK-1,2; pCREB, BNDF, miR-132, PSD-95, SYN-1 | - | OA | 2.5-40 mg/kg·d | [37] |
| Cerabral IRI (mice, PC12 cells) | Cerabral protection and prevent IRI | Body weights, sTG, pAMPK, pGSK-3β, APN, Adipo-R1, Adipo-R2, pLKB-1, MAO | sGLU, sINS, Neurological scores, BAX/BCL2, MDA, TNF-α, IL-6, CASP-3, | OA-X (CHS) | pretreatment 30,60, 120 mg/kg·d | [38] |
| Exprerimenal stress (mice, corticoid) | Anti-depressant | AKT/mTOR, BNDF | SGK1, GR | OA | 10 mg/kg | [39] |
| Mice | Anti-depressant | - | MAO-A | OA | 0.1 mL/10g | [40] |
| Mice | Anti-depressant | BNDF, sleep duration | Behavioral tests, MAO | OA | 5-40 mg/kg | [41] |
OA: Oleanolic acid; GFAP: Glial fibrillary acidic protein; APP: Amyloid precursor protein; AIM: Abnormal involuntary movements; CREB: cAMP response element-binding; GSH: Glutathione; ERK: Extracellular-signal-regulated kinase; IRI: Ischemia-reperfusion injury; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase.