Table 2.
Characteristics of studies that evaluated the prevalence of hypertension in Bangladesh
| Study /Author | Year Published | Age Range | Gender | Sample Size | Study Area (Urban/Rural) | Study Design /Sampling Method | Hypertension Diagnosis Method | SBP/DBP Cut-off Value (mmHg) for Hypertension | Prevalence (%) with 95% CI |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Zaman et al. [18] | 2001 | ≥ 18 years | Both | 510 | Rural | Random Sampling | Mean of two measurements at 2-minute intervals by physicians | ≥ 140/90 and ≥ 160/95 | At Cut-off ≥ 140/90 mmHg: 9.8% (Men), 15.6 % (Women), 12.9% (Total); At Cut-off ≥ 160/95 mmHg: 4.9% (Men), 6.5% (Women), 5.8% (Total) |
| Zaman et al. [19] | 2016 | ≥ 25 years | Both | 9,275 | Both urban and rural | Random Sampling with probability proportionate to size | Mean of two measurements at 2-minute intervals | ≥ 140/90 and/or anti-hypertensive medication | Unadjusted: 18.5% (Men), 17.3% (Women), 17.9% (Total); Age adjusted: 19.1% (Men), 23.0% (Women), 20.8% (Total) |
| Zaman et al. [20] | 2015 | ≥ 25 years | Both | 4,073 | Both urban and rural | Multistage Cluster Sampling | Mean of two measurements at 2-minute intervals | ≥ 140/90 | Unadjusted: 20.6% (Men), 22.1% (Women), 21.4% (Total); Adjusted: 20.7% (Men), 25.0% (Women), 23.1% (Total) |
| Minh et al. [21] | 2009 | 25 - 64 years | Both | 2,061 (Matlab), 2,028 (Mirsarai), 1,983 (Abhoynagar); 1,997 (WATCH) | Rural | A multi-site Cross-sectional Study | Three measurements with average of the last two readings | ≥ 140/90 or treatment with BP medication; ≥ 160/100 or treatment with BP medication | Matlab at Cut-off ≥ 140/90 mmHg: 12.5% (Men), 21.0% (Women), 17.1% (Total); Matlab at Cut-off ≥ 160/100 mmHg: 5.0% (Men), 12.4% (Women), 9.1% (Total); Mirsarai at Cut-off ≥ 140/90 mmHg: 20.3% (Men), 27.4% (Women), 24.1% (Total); Mirsarai at Cut-off ≥ 160/100 mmHg: 12.3% (Men), 18.0% (Women), 15.3% (Total); Abhoynagar at Cut-off ≥ 140/90 mmHg: 13.3% (Men), 19.8% (Women), 16.8% (Total); Abhoynagar at Cut-off ≥ 160/100 mmHg: 7.5% (Men), 12.6% (Women), 10.2% (Total); WATCH at Cut-off ≥ 140/90 mmHg: 7.4% (Men), 11.2% (Women), 9.3% (Total); WATCH at Cut-off ≥ 160/100 mmHg: 2.6% (Men), 6.3% (Women), 4.5% (Total); |
| Tareque et al [22] | 2015 | ≥ 35 years | Both | 7,499 | Both urban and rural | Two stage Stratified Sampling | Three measurements with average of the second and third measurements | ≥ 140/90 and/or anti-hypertensive medication | 20.0% (Men), 32.0% (Women), 27.1% (Total), 23.8% (Rural), 32.7% (Urban) |
| Sayeed et al. [23] | 2003 | ≥ 20 years | Both | 5,055 | Rural | Purposive Cluster Sampling | Measured by a single investigator using mercury sphygmomanometer | SBP ≥ 140 | NR |
| Sayeed et al. [24] | 2002 | ≥ 20 years | Both | 2,361 | Both urban and rural | Cross-sectional Study | Mean of two measurements at 2-minute intervals | ≥ 140/90 | 14.4% (Systolic hypertension), 9.1% (Diastolic hypertension) |
| Razzaque et al. [25] | 2011 | 25 - 64 years | Both | 2,000 | Rural | WHO STEPS Methodology | Three measurements of 5 minutes interval with average of the last two readings | High Blood Pressure: ≥ 140/90; Raised Blood Pressure: ≥ 140/90; or using anti-hypertensive medication; Self-Reported: Informed by physician | High Blood Pressure: 10.6% (Male), 13.9% (Female); Raised Blood Pressure: 12.5% (Male), 21.0% (Female); Self-Reported: 6.8% (Male), 14.8% (Female) |
| Rahman et al. 2015 [26] | 2015 | ≥ 35 years | Both | 7,876 | Both urban and rural | Multistage Stratified Cluster Sampling | NR | ≥ 140/90 and/or anti-hypertensive medication | 19.1% [17.6–20.7] (Men), 31.7% [29.9–33.5] (Women), 24.4% (Overall Age-standardized), 25.4% (Crude) |
| Quasem et al. [27] | 2001 | ≥ 60 years | Both | 240 | Both urban and rural | Random Multistage Cluster Sampling | Average of two readings | ≥ 140/90 and/or anti-hypertensive medication | 75% [69 – 80] (Urban Site), 53% [47 – 59] (Rural Site) |
| Parr et al. [28] | 2011 | ≥ 25 years | Both | 8,591 | Both urban and rural | Cross-Sectional Study | NR | NR | 12.4% (Rural), 16.1% (Urban) |
| Alam et al. [29] | 2014 | ≥ 20 years | Both | 1,678 | Both urban and rural | Random selection | Three measurements at 5 minutes interval with average of the second and third measurements | SBP ≥ 140 or DBP ≥ 90 or both | 17.1% (Total), 23.6% (Urban), 10.8% (Rural) |
| Huda et al. [30] | 2012 | 15 - 65 years | Both | 1,000 | Urban | Multistage Clustered Sampling | NR | ≥ 140/90 or anti-hypertensive medication | 11.60% |
| Khanam et al. [31] | 2015 | ≥ 25 years | Both | 6,094 | Rural | Representative Sample of a Cross-sectional Study | Three measurements at 5 minutes interval with the averages ofthe last two measurements | ≥ 140/90 or anti-hypertensive medication | 16% (Total), 13.5% (Men), 18.4% (Women) |
| Khanam et al. [32] | 2015 | ≥ 25 years | Both | 6,082 | Rural | Cross-sectional Study | Three measurements with the averages of the last two readings | ≥ 140/90 or anti-hypertensive medication | 14.9% (Self-reported), 11.1% (Undiagnosed), 9.7% (Men undiagnosed), 12.6% (Women undiagnosed) |
| Khanam et al. [33] | 2014 | ≥ 25 years | Both | 29,960 | Rural | Cross sectional Door to Door Survey | Not based on blood pressure measurements | Face-to face interviews with a structured questionnaire | 13.7% (Total), 8.9% (Male), 14.8% (Female) |
| Jesmin et al. [34] | 2013 | ≥ 15 years | Female | 1,802 | Rural | Cross-sectional Study/Stratified Multistage Random Sampling | Average of two measurements at 15 minute interval | ≥ 130/85 or anti-hypertensive medication | 28.2% (Overall) |
| Jesmin et al. [35] | 2012 | ≥ 15 years | Female | 1,535 | Rural | Cross-sectional Study/Stratified Multistage Random Sampling | Average of two measurements at 15 minute interval | ≥ 130/ 85 | 29.10% |
| Islam et al. [36] | 2015 | ≥ 25 years | Both | 730 | Urban | Cross-sectional Study/Multi-stage Random Sampling | Three measurements at 5 minutes interval with average of the second and third measurements | ≥ 140/90 or self-reported or anti-hypertensive medication | 23.7% (Overall age-adjusted), 23.6% (Male age-adjusted), 21.7% (Female age-adjusted) |
| Islam et al. [37] | 2012 | ≥ 30 years | Both | 1,004 | Rural | A cross-sectional Study/ Purposive Selection (area), Random Selection (households) | Lowest value of the three measurements. | ≥ 140/90 | 6.6% [5.1 – 8.3] (Overall), 8.2% (Male), 5.8% (Female) |
| Islam [38] | 2016 | ≥ 35 years | Both | 7,561 | Both urban and rural | Stratified Multistage Cluster Sampling | Three measurements at 10 minutes interval with the averages of the last two measurements | ≥ 140/90 and/or anti-hypertensive medication | 11.9% |
| Islam et al. [39] | 2015 | ≥ 30 years | Both | 3,096 | Rural | Multilevel Cluster Random Sampling | Average of the two readings at 5 minute interval | ≥ 140/90 or self-report of using medication | 40% [38–42] (Crude), 40.3% (Male Total), 40% (Female Total) |
| Hasan et al. [40] | 2012 | 18 - 65 years | Both | 1,240 | Rural | Cross-sectional Study/Three stage Sampling; Purposively (first stage) and Simple Random Sampling (second and third stage) | Two measurements | ≥ 140/90 or self-report of using medication | 19.3% |
| Karim et al. [41] | 2013 | 18 - 65 years | Both | 1,134 | Rural | Cross-sectional study/ Direct Interview Using Structured Questionnaire | Average of the two readings at two minutes interval | ≥ 140/90 | 19.1% |
| Harshfield et al. [42] | 2015 | ≥ 35 years | Both | 8,834 | Both urban and rural | Two Stage Sampling: Probability Proportional to the Size (first stage), Systematic Sampling (second stage) | Average of the three measurements | ≥ 140/90 (Measurement Only); ≥ 140/90 or diagnosed by health professional or blood pressure lowering medication (Medical) | Measurement Only: 19.1% (Overall), 14.5% (Male), 24.1% (Female); Medical: 26.4% (Overall), 19.6% (Male), 33.6% (Female) |
| Fatema et al. [43] | 2016 | 31 - 74 years | Both | 62,538 (Not high risk for CVD), 1,170 (High risk for CVD) | Rural | Purposive Sub-cohort from a Cohort Study | Single reading | ≥ 140/90 or receiving treatment for hypertension | 9.0% (Not high risk for CVD participants), 4.4% (High risk for CVD participants) |
| Fatema et al. [44] | 2015 | 31-74 years | Both | 1,170 (High risk for CVD), 563 (Not high risk for CVD) | Rural | Cohort Study/Participants who agreed to take part and random selection | Average of the three readings at 5 minutes interval | ≥ 140/90 | 15.8% (High risk group), 3.6% (Not high risk group) |
| Chowdhury et al. [45] | 2016 | ≥ 35 years | Both | 7,839 | Both urban and rural | Cross-sectional Study/Two-stage Stratified Cluster Sampling | Three measurements of 10 minutes interval with average of the second and third measurements | ≥ 140/90 or anti-hypertensive medication | 26.4% (Overall), 20.3% (Men), 32.4% (Women) |
| Hasan et al. [46] | 2012 | 18-65 years | Both | 1,240 | Rural | Three Stage Sampling | NR | NR | 19.3% |
| Chakrabarti et al. [47] | 2015 | ≥ 30 years | Both | 3,104 | Rural | Cluster Random Sampling | Average of two measurements at 5-minute intervals | ≥ 140/90 | 7.4% |
| Bishwajit et al. [48] | 2016 | ≥ 35 years | Female | 2,022 | Both rural and urban | Two Stage Sampling: Probability Proportional to the Size (first stage), Systematic Sampling (second stage) | Three measurements of 10 minutes interval with average of the second and third measurements | ≥ 140/90 | 18% |
| Bhowmik et al. [49] | 2012 | ≥ 20 years | Both | 2,293 | Rural | Cross-sectional Study/Random Selection | Mean of the two measurements at 5-minutes intervals | ≥ 140/90 or anti-hypertensive medication | 15.5% (Total), 17.5% (Male), 14.3% (Female) |
| Alam et al. [50] | 2014 | ≥ 20 years | Female | 1,600 | Both rural and urban | Longitudinal Study/ Random Selection | Three measurements of 5 minutes interval with average of the second and third measurements | ≥ 140/90 or anti-hypertensive medication | 17.1% (Overall), 23.6% (Urban), 10.8% (Rural) |
| Moni et al. [51] | 2010 | ≥ 60 years | Both | 317 | Urban | Cross-sectional Study/Convenient Sampling Technique | NR | ≥ 140/90 or anti-hypertensive medication | 44.8% (Overall), 53.5% (Male), 38.8% (Female) |
| Das et al. [52] | 2010 | 16-65 years | Both | 1,200 | Urban | Cross-sectional Study/Multi-stage Cluster Sampling | NR | > 139/89 | 17.3% |
| Sayeed et al. [53] | 1994 | ≥ 15 years | Both | 1,005 | Rural | Cluster Sampling | Mean of the three measurements | ≥ 140/90 | 10.5% (SBP), 9.0% (DBP) |
| Islam et al. [54] | 1983 | ≥ 10 years | Both | 5,026 | Rural | NR | Single measurement in sitting position | DBP ≥ 90 | 6.7% (DBP) |
| Islam et al. [55] | 1979 | 18-55 years | Both | 8,172 | Urban | Total of a specific population | Single measurement in sitting position | DBP ≥ 90 | 13.3% (DBP) |
| Malik A [56]. | 1976 | All age | Both | 7,062 | Both rural and urban | NR | NR | NR | 1.10% |
| Mondal et al. [57] | 2013 | ≥ 18 years | Both | 481 | Both rural and urban | Cross -sectional study/Random Selection | Three measurements at 10 minutes interval with average of the last two measurements | ≥ 140/90 | 33.3% |
| Sayeed et al. [58] | 1995 | ≥ 15 years | Both | 1,005 | Rural | Cluster Sampling | Mean of the three measurements | SBP ≥ 140, DBP > 90 | 10.5% (SBP), 9.0% (DBP) |
| Khalequzzaman et al. [59] | 2017 | 18 - 64 years | Both | 2,551 | Urban | Stratified Simple Random Sampling | Three measurements with the mean of the second and third readings | ≥ 140/90 or use of anti-hypertensive medication | 18.6% [16.5 - 20.8] (Men), 20.7% [18.5 - 22.9] (Women) |
| Ali et al. [60] | 2018 | 21 - 23 years | Both | 184 | Urban | Cross-sectional Study | Mean of the two measurements at 5 minutes interval | ≥ 140/90 | 6.5% (Overall), 12.1% (Male), 3.4% (Female) |
| Biswas et al. [61] | 2019 | ≥ 35 years | Both | 8,763 | Both rural and urban | Cross-sectional Study/Two-stage Cluster Probability Random Sampling | NR | ≥ 140/90 or anti-hypertensive medication | 27% (Overall), 25.3% [23.5 - 27.1] (Rural), 33.3% [31.1 - 35.5] (Urban) |
| Kibria et al. [62] | 2018 | ≥ 35 years | Both | 7,839 | Both rural and urban | Two Stage Stratified Sampling: Probability Proportional to the Size (first stage), Systematic Sampling (second stage) | Three measurements at 10 minutes interval with average of the last two measurements | ≥ 130/80 (2017 ACC/AHA Guideline); ≥ 140/90 (the JNC7 Guideline) | The JNC7: 25.7% [24.5 – 27.0] (Overall Crude), 19.4% [18.0 - 21.0] (Male Crude), 31.9% [30.1 - 33.6] (Female Crude); 2017 ACC/AHA: 48% [46.4 – 49.7] (Overall Crude), 41.4% [39.4 - 43.5] (Male Crude), 54.5% [52.4 - 56.4] (Female Crude) |
| Islam et al. [63] | 2018 | ≥ 18 years | Both | 1,843 | Both rural and urban | Multistage, Geographically Clustered, Probability-based Sampling | Average of two measurements at 2 minute interval | ≥ 130/80 or a self-reported diagnosis of hypertension (2017 ACC/AHA Guideline); ≥ 140/90 (The JNC7 Guideline) | The JNC7: 17.9% [16.2 – 19.7] (Overall), 16.4% [14.0 - 18.9] (Male), 19.3% [16.9 - 22.0] (Female) 14.6% [12.5 - 16.7] (Rural), 23.2% [20.1 - 26.5] (Urban); 2017 ACC/AHA: 40.7% [38.5 – 43.0] (Overall), 43.4% [40.1 - 46.7] (Male), 38.3% [35.2 - 41.4] (Female), 36.1% [33.3 - 38.9] (Rural), 48.0% [44.3 - 51.8] (Urban) |
| Rawal et al. [64] | 2017 | ≥ 25 years | Both | 507 | Urban | Cross-sectional Study/Purposive Selection | Average of two measurements at 2 minute interval | ≥ 140/90 | 13.7% [19.31 - 26.02] (Overall), 12.6% (Male), 14.8% (Female) |
| Roy et al. [65] | 2019 | ≥ 35 years | Both | 7,307 | Both rural and urban | Two-stage Stratified Cluster Sampling: Probability Proportional to the Size (first stage), Systematic Sampling (second stage) | Three measurements at 10 minutes interval with average of the second and third measurements | ≥ 140/90 or anti-hypertensive medication | 24.7% [23.6–25.8] (Overall), 18.5% [17.1–20.0] (Male), 30.8% [29.1–32.5] (Female), 22.7% [21.5–24.0] (Rural), 31.3% [29.0–33.6] (Urban) |
| Ahmed et al. [66] | 2019 | ≥ 35 years | Both | 8,835 | Both rural and urban | Two-stage Stratified Sampling: Probability Proportional to the Size (first stage), Systematic Sampling (second stage) | Three measurements at 10 minutes interval with average of the last two measurements | ≥ 140/90 | 19.1% |
| Kibria et al. [67] | 2018 | ≥ 35 years | Both | 7,839 | Both rural and urban | Two-staged Cluster Sampling Design | Three measurements at 10 minutes interval with average of the second and third measurements | ≥ 140/90 or anti-hypertensive medication | Combined: 25.7% (Overall); Urban: 32.6% [30.5–34.8] (Overall), 25.1% (Male), 40.2% (Female); Rural: 23.6% [22.5–24.7] (Overall), 17.6% (Male), 29.4% (Female) |
| Kibria et al. [68] | 2018 | ≥ 35 years | Both | 7,839 | Both rural and urban | Two-staged Sampling Design | Three measurements at 10 minutes interval with average of the last two measurements | ≥ 130/80 or taking blood pressure lowering drug (2017 ACC/AHA Guideline); ≥ 140/90 or taking blood pressure lowering drug (The JNC7 Guideline) | JNC7: 25.7% (Overall); 2017 ACC/AHA: 48% (Overall) |
| Rahman et al. [69] | 2018 | ≥ 25 years | Both | 9,275 | Both rural and urban | Multistage, Geographically Clustered, Probability-based Sampling | Average of two measurements at 2 minute interval | ≥ 140/90 or anti-hypertensive medication | 20.1% (Overall), 20.3% (Male), 19.9% (Female), 17.9% (Rural), 22.2% (Urban) |
| Biswas et al. [70] | 2017 | ≥ 35 years | Both | 7,544 | Both rural and urban | NR | NR | ≥ 140/90 or anti-hypertensive medication | 26.5% |