Study design: we identified 189,122 patients who received mechanical ventilation (MV) during the study period. After excluding patients with a major therapeutic surgical procedure other than tracheostomy, patients with head and neck disease, and patients who did not have outcome data, we identified 8,343 patients who received tracheostomy during a short-term acute care hospitalization and were discharged between January 1, 2012, and December 31, 2013.