Table 1.
Characteristics of the Trivandrum Heart Failure Registry by Heart Failure Type
| Variable | Total (n = 1205) | HFpEF (EF ≥ 45%; n = 311) | HFrEF (EF <45%; n = 894) | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, y, mean (SD) | 61.2 (13.7) | 59.7 (14.3) | 61.8 (13.4) | .02 |
| Women, n (%) | 371 (30.8) | 122 (39.2) | 249 (27.9) | <.001 |
| Educational status, n (%) | ||||
| No education | 142 (11.8) | 28 (9.1) | 114 (12.8) | .11 |
| Up to primary | 540 (44.9) | 154 (49.8) | 386 (43.2) | |
| Secondary | 363 (30.2) | 85 (27.5) | 278 (31.1) | |
| Graduate and above | 157 (13.1) | 42 (13.6) | 115 (12.9) | |
| Acute de novo heart failure, n (%) | 479 (39.8) | 140 (45.0) | 339 (37.9) | .03 |
| Etiology of heart failure, n (%) | ||||
| Ischemic heart disease | 866 (71.9) | 189 (60.8) | 677 (75.7) | <.001 |
| Dilated cardiomyopathy | 156 (13.0) | 15 (4.8) | 141 (15.8) | |
| Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy | 27 (2.2) | 17 (5.5) | 10 (1.1) | |
| Rheumatic heart disease | 95 (7.9) | 60 (19.3) | 35 (3.9) | |
| Hypertension | 11 (0.9) | 10 (3.2) | 1 (0.1) | |
| Miscellaneous | 50 (4.2) | 20 (6.4) | 30 (3.4) | |
| Tobacco use, n (%) | ||||
| Never used | 716 (59.4) | 215 (69.1) | 501 (56.0) | <.001 |
| Current use | 188 (15.6) | 31 (10.0) | 157 (17.6) | |
| Past use | 301 (25.0) | 65 (20.9) | 236 (26.4) | |
| Alcohol use, n (%) | ||||
| Never used | 950 (78.8) | 249 (80.1) | 701 (78.4) | .27 |
| Current use | 234 (19.4) | 54 (17.4) | 180 (20.1) | |
| Past use | 21 (1.7) | 8 (2.6) | 13 (1.5) | |
| History of hypertension, n (%) | 696 (57.8) | 171 (55.0) | 525 (58.7) | .25 |
| History of diabetes, n (%) | 662 (54.9) | 161 (51.8) | 501 (56.0) | .19 |
| History of atrial fibrillation/flutter, n (%) | 177 (14.7) | 72 (23.2) | 105 (11.7) | <.001 |
| History of stroke, n (%) | 75 (6.2) | 21 (6.8) | 54 (6.0) | .65 |
| History of COPD, n (%) | 186 (15.4) | 45 (14.5) | 141 (15.8) | .58 |
| History of CKD, n (%) | 216 (17.9) | 57 (18.3) | 159 (17.8) | .83 |
| NYHA functional class, n (%) | ||||
| ≤II | 36 (3.1) | 13 (4.4) | 23 (2.7) | .33 |
| III | 744 (64.0) | 186 (62.4) | 558 (64.6) | |
| IV | 382 (32.9) | 99 (33.2) | 283 (32.8) | |
| Heart rate, beats/min, mean (SD) | 97.8 (22.5) | 97.1 (23.1) | 98.1 (22.3) | .51 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg, mean (SD) | 129.3 (32.4) | 134.3 (37.1) | 127.5 (30.3) | .002 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg, mean (SD) | 80.6 (16.6) | 81.7 (17.7) | 80.2 (16.2) | .18 |
| Serum creatinine, mg/dL, mean (SD) | 1.5 (0.9) | 1.4 (0.7) | 1.5 (0.9) | .02 |
| Serum hemoglobin in g/dL, mean (SD) | 12.0 (2.1) | 12.0 (2.1) | 12.0 (2.1) | .57 |
| Serum sodium, mEq/L, mean (SD) | 135.2 (6.1) | 135.8 (6.0) | 135.0 (6.2) | .06 |
| Beta-blocker on admission, n (%) | 649 (53.9) | 149 (47.9) | 500 (55.9) | .02 |
| ACE-I or ARB on admission, n (%) | 545 (45.2) | 123 (39.6) | 422 (47.2) | .02 |
HFpEF, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; HFrEF, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; EF, ejection fraction; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CKD, chronic kidney disease; NYHA, New York Heart Association; ACE-I, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin-receptor blocker.