TABLE 2.
Exterior Tobacco Advertising by Tobacco Product Type (2015–2018)
| 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | Within-Subject Effects | Between-Subject Effects (P) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Main Effect, P | Interaction Effects (P) | Contrasts for Main Effect | ||||||||
| Linear, P | Quadratic, P | Cubic, P | ||||||||
| Presence of advertisements, % of stores | ||||||||||
| Cigarettes | 61.0 | 56.0 | 53.2 | 48.9 | .009 | None | .005 | .93 | .67 | Store (<.001) |
| Menthol | 46.8 | 46.8 | 46.1 | 42.6 | .75 | None | .34 | .77 | .94 | Store (<.001) |
| Cigars | 10.6 | 16.3 | 22.0 | 23.4 | .009 | None | .005 | .34 | .76 | Store (.01) |
| Flavored | 8.5 | 9.9 | 10.6 | 17.0 | .03 | None | .07 | .02 | .51 | Store (.01) |
| E-cigarettes | 35.5 | 24.1 | 15.6 | 17.0 | <.001 | T×S (.03) | <.001 | .03 | .53 | Store (<.001); poverty (.05) |
| Flavored | 8.5 | 6.4 | 5.7 | 9.9 | .50 | T×S (.02) | .88 | .18 | .37 | Store (.04) |
| Smokeless tobacco | 4.3 | 4.3 | 3.5 | 3.5 | .90 | T×S (.03); T×P (.05); T×S×P (.003) | .74 | .41 | .93 | Store (.006) |
| Flavored | 3.5 | 2.8 | 3.5 | 2.8 | .76 | T×S (.05); T×S×P (.004) | .96 | .83 | .30 | Store (.03); poverty (.03) |
| Volume of advertisements, mean No. | ||||||||||
| Total | 3.90 | 3.33 | 3.11 | 3.36 | .25 | None | .26 | .21 | .21 | Store (<.001) |
| Cigarettes | 2.92 | 2.45 | 2.37 | 2.33 | .49 | T×P (.05) | .24 | .68 | .94 | Store (.001) |
| Cigars | 0.19 | 0.34 | 0.46 | 0.54 | .03 | T×S (.01); T×P (.002); T×S×P (.01) | .03 | .44 | .20 | Store (.003); poverty (.03) |
| E-cigarettes | 0.70 | 0.48 | 0.25 | 0.43 | <.001 | None | .004 | .002 | .03 | Store (.02) |
| Smokeless tobacco | 0.09 | 0.06 | 0.04 | 0.06 | .43 | TS (.01); T×S×P (.01) | .31 | .30 | .83 | Store (<.001) |
| SAV, % of volume | ||||||||||
| No advertisements | 34.0 | 36.9 | 42.6 | 44.0 | .003 | None | .003 | .24 | .52 | Store (<.001) |
| Cigarettes | 50.1 | 47.4 | 44.1 | 40.1 | .04 | None | .01 | .97 | .56 | Store (<.001) |
| Cigars | 3.0 | 6.5 | 9.0 | 9.3 | .26 | None | .09 | .80 | .84 | None |
| E-cigarettes | 12.1 | 8.6 | 4.7 | 6.3 | .003 | None | .004 | .10 | .32 | Store (.001) |
| Smokeless tobacco | 0.8 | 0.7 | 0.4 | 0.3 | .36 | T×S (.02); T×S×P (.04) | .19 | .93 | .66 | Store (<.001) |
Analyses are based on data collected from 141 stores. Store includes chain convenience, nonchain convenience, gas kiosk, and other. Poverty includes low, middle, and high poverty on the basis of free school lunches. P, poverty; S, store type; T, time.