TABLE 2.
Unadjusted Percentage of US Infants Meeting the 2008 AAP Recommended Vitamin D Intake Guideline by Breastfeeding Status and Selected Demographic Characteristics, 2009–2016
| Total (N = 1435) | Breastfeeding Infants (n = 471) | Nonbreastfeeding Infants (n = 964) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Total | 27.1 (24.3–29.8) | 20.5 (15.4–25.5) | 31.1 (27.6–34.5) |
| Age, mo | |||
| 0–5 (ref) | 29.5 (25.5–33.5) | 21.9 (15.9–27.8) | 36.1 (30.4–41.9) |
| 6–11 | 25.0 (21.3–28.7) | 18.6 (10.6–26.7) | 27.7 (23.0–32.4)* |
| Sex | |||
| Male (ref) | 28.7 (25.1–32.4) | 23.1 (16.5–29.7) | 32.0 (26.9–37.1) |
| Female | 25.4 (21.1–29.7) | 17.8 (11.0–24.6) | 30.0 (24.9–35.2) |
| Race and/or ethnicity | |||
| Non-Hispanic white (ref) | 23.4 (19.3–27.6) | 20.1 (13.2–26.9) | 26.1 (20.5–31.8) |
| Non-Hispanic black | 33.1 (26.7–39.4)* | 23.9 (13.3–34.4) | 35.5 (28.1–42.8) |
| Hispanic | 27.7 (22.9–32.5) | 18.9 (10.3–27.5) | 32.0 (26.5–37.5) |
| Non-Hispanic other | 37.7 (27.3–48.2)** | 25.0 (9.4–40.7) | 44.3 (32.6–56.0)** |
| Family income expressed as a percentage of the FPL, %a | |||
| ≥400 (ref) | 30.4 (23.4–37.4) | 30.5 (18.9–42.1) | 30.3 (19.6–41.0) |
| 200–<400 | 21.6 (15.6–27.5) | 15.5 (7.3–23.7)* | 27.0 (17.8–36.2) |
| 100–<200 | 25.9 (20.9–30.9) | 13.8 (5.0–22.7)*,b | 31.8 (25.4–37.4) |
| <100 | 32.3 (27.9–36.8) | 14.2 (6.0–22.4)* | 36.9 (31.5–42.4) |
| Education of head of householdc | |||
| College graduate (ref) | 27.8 (22.2–33.4) | 26.2 (17.9–34.5) | 30.2 (21.1–39.2) |
| Some college | 29.0 (23.9–34.2) | 20.6 (12.8–28.5) | 33.2 (26.8–39.8) |
| Less than or equal to high school diploma | 25.7 (22.1–29.3) | 10.7 (4.9–16.6)** | 30.5 (26.3–34.8) |
| Health insurance | |||
| Private (ref) | 26.4 (22.2–30.6) | 24.4 (17.3–31.4) | 28.4 (22.1–34.6) |
| Other insurance | 27.9 (24.8–31.0) | 13.1 (8.4–17.8)** | 32.9 (29.2–36.5) |
| Uninsured | 25.0 (12.3–27.8) | 23.2 (4.9–41.5)b | 27.5 (8.3–46.7)b |
| WIC benefit, childd | |||
| No (ref) | 25.5 (20.9–30.2) | 23.1 (14.7–31.4) | 28.1 (20.6–35.6) |
| Yes | 28.0 (24.6–31.3) | 12.2 (5.9–18.6) | 31.2 (27.3–35.1) |
Data presented as % (95% CI). ref, reference group.
a
n = 1324 for analysis of poverty level because of missing data.
b
RSE >30% and <40%.
c
n = 1390 for analysis of education of head of household because of missing data.
d
n = 1096 for analysis of WIC benefit in last 12 mo because of missing data and data only available for 2009–2014.
*
P < .05 in comparison with reference group.
**
P < .01 in comparison with reference group.