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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 May 1.

Published in final edited form as: Small. 2020 Apr 26;16(21):e2000528. doi: 10.1002/smll.202000528

Figure 4. — (A) Optical microscopy images of ENM-treated KUP5 cells. Optical microscopy images showing the morphology of KUP5 cells exposed to seven of the NPs (fumed SiO₂, Ag, CeO₂, CuO, V₂O₅, TiO₂ and ZnO) at 12.5 μg/mL for 6 h. The scale bar is 25 μm. The rest of the optical images for other particles appear in Figure S3. (B) Assessment of caspase 1 activation in ENM-treated KUP5 cells. The LPS-primed KUP5 cells were incubated with nanoparticles at 25 μg/mL for 5 h. Cells were washed with PBS and stained with FAM-FLICA caspase substrate for 1 h at 37 °C. Cells were then stained with Hoechst 33342. (C) Time-dependent activation of caspase 1 in V₂O₅-treated KUP5 cells. The LPS-primed KUP5 cells were incubated with fumed SiO₂ and V₂O₅ for 5 and 16 h, and the staining process was repeated. The cells were imaged using Leica Confocal SP8-SMD microscope. The scale bar is 20 μm.

Figure 4. — (A) Optical microscopy images of ENM-treated KUP5 cells. Optical microscopy images showing the morphology of KUP5 cells exposed to seven of the NPs (fumed SiO₂, Ag, CeO₂, CuO, V₂O₅, TiO₂ and ZnO) at 12.5 μg/mL for 6 h. The scale bar is 25 μm. The rest of the optical images for other particles appear in Figure S3. (B) Assessment of caspase 1 activation in ENM-treated KUP5 cells. The LPS-primed KUP5 cells were incubated with nanoparticles at 25 μg/mL for 5 h. Cells were washed with PBS and stained with FAM-FLICA caspase substrate for 1 h at 37 °C. Cells were then stained with Hoechst 33342. (C) Time-dependent activation of caspase 1 in V₂O₅-treated KUP5 cells. The LPS-primed KUP5 cells were incubated with fumed SiO₂ and V₂O₅ for 5 and 16 h, and the staining process was repeated. The cells were imaged using Leica Confocal SP8-SMD microscope. The scale bar is 20 μm.