Table 8.

Average effects of switching to PCPs with higher primary care spending per patient.

Utilization outcome		Utilization outcome
Primary care $	$76.37*** (2.806)	# Primary care office visits	1.062*** (0.0843)
All physician $	$114.8*** (3.957)	# All office visits	1.242*** (0.0942)
Pharmaceutical drug $	$85.00*** (24.80)	# Diagnoses	1.049*** (0.0671)
Outpatient $	$171.9*** (30.26)	# Chronic conditions	0.217*** (0.0138)
Inpatient $	$241.3*** (59.13)	# ED visits	0.0166** (0.00508)
Post-acute care $	$38.55 (26.00)	# Avoidable hospitalizations	0.00219 (0.00119)
Total $	$665.7*** (101.2)	Prob. of flu vaccination	0.0221*** (0.00331)
		Prob. of diabetes care	0.0226*** (0.00234)

Notes: This table shows how switching to a PCP with $100 higher primary care spending per patient correlates with othertypes of health care utilization. We use the difference-in-differences specification in Eq. (3) to estimate these cross-outcome associations. Each cell is an estimate for θ from Eq. (3) for a different utilization outcome y. We include years −4 to −1 in the pre-event period, and we include years 2–6 in the post-event period. We control for patient fixed effects, time-varying patient characteristics, a post-event time indicator, and calendar year fixed effects. The standard errors are clustered at the HRR-level.

^***p<0.001

^**p<0.01

^*p<0.05.