Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of participants according to COVID-19 hospitalisation, UK Biobank.
| Not hospitalised | Hospitalised | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Number | 427,594 | 900 | |
| Ethnicity (%) | <0.001 | ||
| Black | 1.8 | 6.0 | |
| Asian | 2.2 | 5.1 | |
| Other | 1.9 | 3.1 | |
| White | 94.1 | 85.8 | |
| Women (%) | 55.0 | 44.4 | <0.001 |
| Age, years (mean, SD) | 56.4 (8.1) | 57.2 (9.0) | 0.001 |
| Percent | |||
| Higher education | 32.6 | 26.0 | 0.001 |
| Household ≥ 4 people | 19.3 | 21.8 | 0.004 |
| Neighborhood deprivation Highest quintile | 19.6 | 33.0 | <0.001 |
| Physical activity | |||
| Within guideline | 53.9 | 49.4 | |
| Active > 10 min not reaching guideline | 27.9 | 24.2 | |
| Inactive | 18.2 | 26.3 | <0.001 |
| Alcohol intake | <0.001 | ||
| Within guideline | 36.0 | 28.5 | |
| Never/rarely | 31.4 | 41.7 | |
| Heavy drinking | 32.7 | 29.8 | |
| Cigarette Smoking | <0.001 | ||
| Never | 55.4 | 46.7 | |
| Past | 34.6 | 41.9 | |
| Current | 10.0 | 11.4 | |
| Hypertension | 58.0 | 65.8 | <0.001 |
| Diabetes | 5.0 | 9.9 | <0.001 |
| Cardiovascular disease | 5.3 | 10.3 | <0.001 |
| Chronic bronchitis | 1.4 | 3.1 | <0.001 |
| Seen a psychiatrist | 11.4 | 15.7 | <0.001 |
| Psychological distress (PHQ4 ≥ 3) | 23.7 | 28.6 | 0.001 |
| Mean (SD) | |||
| BMI, kg/m2 | 27.4 (4.8) | 29.1 (5.4) | <0.001 |
| Waist to hip ratio | 0.87 (0.09) | 0.91 (0.09) | <0.001 |
| C-reactive protein (mg/L) | 2.51 (4.17) | 3.50 (6.39) | <0.001 |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 36.0 (6.6) | 38.1 (8.9) | <0.001 |
| Cholesterol (mmol/L) | 5.70 (1.14) | 5.43 (1.22) | <0.001 |
| HDL-cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.45 (0.38) | 1.32 (0.33) | <0.001 |
| Forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (L) | 2.82 (0.8) | 2.70 (0.82) | <0.001 |
ap-value for Chi-squared test for categorical variables, and independent t-test for continuous variables