Table 3.
Multiply-adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for the relation of baseline characteristics with hospitalisation for COVID-19 (640 cases / 340,966 people at risk).
| Age- and sex-adjusted | Multiply-adjusted a | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95% CI | p-value | OR | 95% CI | p-value | Attenuation % c | |
| Ethnicity (reference = White) | |||||||
| Black (29 cases / 4,516) | 4.32 | (3.00–6.23) | <0.001 | 2.66 | (1.82–3.91) | <0.001 | –33.0 |
| Asian (21 cases / 5,753) | 2.12 | (1.37–3.28) | 0.001 | 1.43 | (0.91–2.26) | 0.125 | −52.2 |
| Other (17 cases / 5,820) | 1.84 | (1.13–2.99) | 0.014 | 1.42 | (0.87–2.31) | 0.166 | −43.0 |
| Age (years) | 1.02 | (1.01–1.03) | 0.001 | 1.02 | (1.01–1.03) | 0.003 | |
| Male (ref = female) | 1.56 | (1.34–1.83) | <0.001 | 1.15 | (0.92–1.44) | 0.219 | |
| Lower education (ref = university degree) | 1.15 | (0.96–1.37) | 0.131 | ||||
| Number in household (ref = 2 people) | 0.001b | ||||||
| One person | 1.15 | (0.93–1.43) | 0.195 | ||||
| 3 people | 1.22 | (0.97–1.55) | 0.093 | ||||
| 4 people or more | 1.59 | (1.26–2.01) | <0.001 | ||||
| Townsend score (ref = least deprived, Q1) | <0.001b | ||||||
| Q2 | 1.00 | (0.76–1.33) | 0.989 | ||||
| Q3 | 0.99 | (0.75–1.31) | 0.937 | ||||
| Q4 | 1.24 | (0.95–1.62) | 0.116 | ||||
| Q5 | 1.67 | (1.30–2.16) | <0.001 | ||||
| Physical activity (ref = meeting guideline) | 0.045b | ||||||
| Active > 10 min not reaching guideline | 0.93 | (0.77–1.13) | 0.466 | ||||
| Inactive | 1.22 | (1.00–1.48) | 0.049 | ||||
| Alcohol (ref = within guideline) | 0.041b | ||||||
| Never/very rarely drink | 1.30 | (1.07–1.59) | 0.01 | ||||
| Intake above guideline | 1.10 | (0.90–1.34) | 0.368 | ||||
| Smoking (ref = never smoker) | 0.008b | ||||||
| Ex-smoker | 1.30 | (1.10–1.55) | 0.003 | ||||
| Current smoker | 1.25 | (0.96–1.62) | 0.095 | ||||
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 1.03 | (1.02–1.05) | <0.001 | ||||
| Waist-to-hip ratio (0.1 unit increase) | 1.25 | (1.09–1.42) | 0.001 | ||||
| Hypertension (ref = no) | 0.98 | (0.82–1.17) | 0.84 | ||||
| Cardiovascular disease (ref = no) | 1.06 | (0.79–1.42) | 0.705 | ||||
| Chronic bronchitis (ref = no) | 1.34 | (0.81–2.21) | 0.259 | ||||
| Ever seen a psychiatrist (ref = no) | 1.24 | (0.99–1.55) | 0.057 | ||||
| log-CRP (1 unit increase) | 1.05 | (0.92–1.19) | 0.477 | ||||
| log-HbA1c (1 unit increase) | 1.60 | (1.02–2.52) | 0.043 | ||||
| Cholesterol (mmol/L) | 0.90 | (0.84–0.97) | 0.004 | ||||
a
Estimates are all mutually adjusted,
b
p-trend,
c
Attenuation from the age and sex adjusted estimate to the multivariable adjusted estimate