Table 1.
Clinical Characteristics of Patients With Acute Pancreatitis in the Context of Coronavirus Disease 2019 Infection
| Characteristic | Patient |
Summary Statistic |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | Median | Interquartile Range | |||
| Demographics | |||||||||
| Age, y | 29 | 41 | 42 | 47 | 53 | 42 | 15 | ||
| Sex | M | M | M | M | M | ||||
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 32.9 | 35.8 | 29.7 | 25.7 | 30 | 30 | 6.7 | ||
| Ethnicity | Other Asian | White British | White British | White British | Other White | ||||
| Hypertension | No | No | No | No | No | ||||
| Diabetes mellitus | No | No | No | No | No | ||||
| RespiratoryDisease | No | No | Asthma | No | No | ||||
| Charlson comorbidity index | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | ||||
| Coronavirus disease 2019 status | |||||||||
| Computed tomography score | Normal (CVCT0) | Classic/probable (CVCT1) | Classic/probable (CVCT1) | Non–coronavirus disease 2019 (CVCT3) | Classic/probable (CVCT1) | ||||
| Throat swab | Positive | Negative | Unknown | Positive | Negative | ||||
| Pancreatitis diagnostics | |||||||||
| Typical pain | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | ||||
| Amylase, U/L | 77 | 149 | 378 | 211 | 36 | 149 | 238 | ||
| Amylase timing (hours after pain) | 27 | 20 | 6 | 16 | 23 | 20 | 14 | ||
| Computed tomography on admission | Pancreatitis | Pancreatitis | Pancreatitis | Pancreatitis | Pancreatitis | ||||
| Pancreatitis risk factors | |||||||||
| Gallstones on ultrasound(Ultrasound) | No | No | No | No | No | ||||
| Alcohol intake, g/wk | 0 | 80 | 400 | 50 | 0 | 50 | 240 | ||
| Smoker | Never | Yes | Never | Ex | Yes | ||||
| Medication | None | None | Omeprazole; thiamine; hydroxycobalamin | Atorvastatin; sertraline | None | ||||
| Clinical characteristics of pancreatitis | |||||||||
| SIRS (admission) | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | ||||
| SIRS (48-h peak) | 4 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 2 | ||||
| CRP (admission) | 258 | 37 | 5 | 8 | 31 | 31 | 141 | ||
| CRP (peak) | 597 | 550 | 292 | 485 | 282 | 485 | 286.5 | ||
| Peak CRP time, days from admission | 0 | 2 | 9 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 5.5 | ||
| Organ failure | No | No | No | No | No | ||||
| Activity index (admission) | 250 | 220 | — | 245 | 145 | 232.5 | 85 | ||
| Activity index (48 h) | 205 | 150 | — | 175 | 25 | 162.5 | 141.3 | ||
| Imaging findings | |||||||||
| Focus of inflammation | Periduodenal (D1-D4) and pancreatic head | Periduodenal (D2-D3) and pancreatic head | Periduodenal (D1-D3) and peripancreatic | Duodenal thickening (D2-D3) and peripancreatic | Duodenum spared; peripancreatic | ||||
| Peripancreatic necrosis | No | No | No | No | No | ||||
| Pancreatic necrosis | None | None | None | Pancreatic tail (<30%) | None | ||||
| Acute fluid collections | Paraduodenal | None | Peripancreatic | Pancreatic tail | Paraduodenal | ||||
| Modified Balthasar score | 6 | 2 | 4 | 8 | 4 | 4 | 4 | ||
| Metabolic parameters | |||||||||
| New-onset diabetes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | ||||
| Glucose on admission, mmol/L; mg/dL | 14.3; 257.4 | 16.6; 298.8 | 7.9; 142.2 | 5.9; 106.2 | 10; 180 | 10; 180 | 8.6; 154.8 | ||
| HbA1c, IFCC mmol/mol | 86 | — | — | 36 | 47 | ||||
| Urinalysis on admission | Glucose 4+ | Glucose +; ketones + | — | — | — | ||||
| Insulin therapy | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | ||||
| Triglycerides on admission, mmol/L; mg/L | 30.9; 2740 | 8.4; 743 | 1.65; 146 | 2.7; 239 | 1.3; 115 | 2.7; 239 | 18.2; 1610 | ||
| Hepatic steatosis (admission), HU | 18.0 | –46.7 | –18.1 | 11.1 | — | –3.5 | 55.8 | ||
| Hepatic steatosis (7 days), HU | 50.6 | –15.6 | 8.30 | 42.2 | — | 25.2 | 50.1 | ||
| ΔHepatic steatosis | 32.7 | 31.1 | 26.4 | 31.1 | — | 31.1 | 3.1 | ||
| Outcome parameters | |||||||||
| Severity of pancreatitis | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | ||||
| Length of stay, days | 16 | 14 | 16 | 12 | 6 | 14 | 7 | ||
| Intervention | No | No | No | No | No | ||||
| New therapy on discharge | Insulin; PERT; fibrate | Insulin | No | PERT; fibrate | No | ||||
NOTE. Ethnicity labels are those used by the Office of National Statistics of the United Kingdom. Coronavirus disease 2019 computed tomography score is based on the British Society of Thoracic Imaging criteria where changes are classed as “probable” when there is >70% confidence of coronavirus disease 2019 infection. Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) score is calculated by presence of the following: temperature > 38oC or <36oC, heart rate > 90 bpm, respiratory rate > 20 or Paco2 < 32 mm Hg, and white blood cell count > 12,000/mm3. Organ failure is defined as a Sequential Oran Failure Assessment score of 2 or more. Pancreatic activity index is a composite score including organ failure, tolerance to oral diet, SIRS, abdominal pain, and intravenous morphine equivalent dose on any given day. Hepatic steatosis is based on CECT image evaluation as previously reported. Severity of pancreatitis is defined by the Revised Atlanta Classification 2012. CRP, C-reactive protein; CVCT, corona virus CT score; HU, Hounsfield unit; IFCC, International Federation of Clinical Chemistry.