Table 1.

Cardiovascular cell senescence versus quiescence

Characteristics	Cardiovascular cell senescence	Cardiovascular cell quiescence
Cell-cycle arrest	Permanent cell-cycle arrests at G1, early S, G2, or M phase (Komaravolu et al., 2019; Mao et al., 2012; Soriani et al., 2009)	Reversible cell cycle arrest at G0 phase (Kalucka et al., 2018)
DNA content	2N, 4 N (Yang et al., 2007), or 8 N (Komaravolu et al., 2019)	2N
Morphology	Enlarged nucleoli (Buchwalter and Hetzer, 2017; Tiku et al., 2017) and nucleus (Mammoto et al., 2019), flattened and enlarged cell morphology (Kim et al., 2017; Mammoto et al., 2019)	N/A
Hallmarks	p16↑ (Baker et al., 2011), p21↑ (Chen et al., 2016), SA β-gal↑, prelamin A↑ (Ragnauth et al., 2010), LamA/C↓, LaminB1↓ (Freund et al., 2012; Han et al., 2018), SASP↑, SAHF (H3K9me3, HP1γ)↑ (Boumendil et al., 2019; Ding et al., 2016; Zhang et al., 2007), ROS↑, apoptosis↓ (Baar et al., 2017; Childs et al., 2014), lysosomal content↑/aggregate (lipofuscins), NAD+↓ (Fang et al., 2017), Ki67↓, pRB↓, caveolin-1↑ (Farhat et al., 2008; Voghel et al., 2007; Zou et al., 2011), autophagy↓, mitochondria↑.	p27↑, Oct4↑, LamB1↑ (Han et al., 2018), repressive E2Fs↑, autophagy↑ (Cho and Hwang, 2012), eNOS↑ (Kalucka et al., 2018), PTGS1↑ (Kalucka et al., 2018), FoxO1↑ (Savai et al., 2014; Wilhelm et al., 2016), Dll4↑ (Zhang et al., 2011), Notch signaling activation, glycolysis↓ (Kalucka et al., 2018), BMP9↑ (David et al., 2008).

BMP9, bone morphogenetic protein-9; Dll4, delta-like 4; FoxO1, forkhead box O1; PTGS1, prostaglandin G/H synthase 1; SA β-gal, senescence-associated β-galactosidase; SAHF, senescence-associated heterochromatin foci; SASP, senescence-associated secretory phenotype; ↑, increase; ↓, decrease; N/A, not available. For definitions of other abbreviations, please see the main text.