TABLE 1.
Prevalence of at risk of deficiency [serum 25(OH)D <30 nmol/L] or at risk of inadequacy [serum 25(OH)D 30–49 nmol/L] for US persons aged ≥1 y, by dietary and demographic variables, NHANES 2011–20141
| n | At risk of deficiency | At risk of inadequacy | |
|---|---|---|---|
| <30 nmol/L | 30–49 nmol/L | ||
| All (≥1 y) | 16,180 | 5.0 (4.1, 6.2) | 18.3 (16.2, 20.6) |
| Gender2 | |||
| Male | 8,013 | 4.4 (3.5, 5.5) | 18.7 (16.3, 21.4) |
| Female | 8,167 | 5.7 (4.5, 7.0) | 17.8 (15.8, 20.1) |
| Age,3 y | |||
| 1–5 | 1,438 | 0.5 (0.3, 1.1)* | 6.6 (5.2, 8.3)* |
| 6–11 | 2,060 | 1.4 (1.1, 1.9) | 12.3 (10.0, 15.0) |
| 12–19 | 2,355 | 4.8 (3.5, 6.4) | 22.7 (19.3, 26.4) |
| 20–39 | 3,564 | 7.6 (6.0, 9.6) | 23.8 (20.9, 27.0) |
| 40–59 | 3,496 | 5.7 (4.6, 7.0) | 18.6 (15.9, 21.6) |
| ≥60 | 3,267 | 2.9 (2.0, 4.0) | 12.3 (10.7, 14.1) |
| Race and Hispanic origin2,4 | |||
| Non-Hispanic white | 5,603 | 2.1 (1.5, 2.7)a | 11.8 (10.0, 13.8) a |
| Non-Hispanic black | 3,929 | 17.5 (15.2, 20.0)b | 35.8 (33.3, 38.5)b |
| Non-Hispanic Asian | 1,845 | 7.6 (5.9, 9.9)c | 29.1 (26.4, 32.0)c |
| Hispanic | 4,145 | 5.9 (4.4, 7.8)c | 26.3 (23.0, 29.8)c |
| Vitamin D from foods and beverages,2,5 μg | |||
| 0.0–2.0 | 4,765 | 7.1 (5.7, 8.9)** | 21.0 (18.6, 23.7)** |
| 2.1–5.1 | 4,713 | 4.7 (3.4, 6.5) | 18.0 (15.5, 20.7) |
| >5.1 | 5,213 | 2.6 (2.0, 3.4) | 15.7 (13.4, 18.6) |
| Vitamin D from supplements2,5 | |||
| No | 9,975 | 6.9 (5.6, 8.5)a | 24.2 (21.7, 26.9)a |
| Yes | 4,716 | 1.1 (0.8, 1.6)b | 7.6 (6.2, 9.3)b |
Source: CDC/National Center for Health Statistics. Unweighted sample size, weighted proportions, and 95% CI. Unless otherwise noted, MEC weights used. Within logistic models, pairwise differences were evaluated using t-tests and orthogonal contrast matrices were used to test for linear and quadratic trends. Different lowercase letters within a column and covariate category indicate significant differences, after adjustment with the Bonferroni method for multiple comparisons, P < 0.002. *Significant quadratic trend by age, P < 0.002. **Significant linear trend by tertiles of vitamin D intake from food and beverages, P < 0.002. Vitamin D intake unit conversion: 1 μg is 40 IU; the 0.0–2.0, 2.1–5.1, and >5.1 μg groups are >80, 80–204, and >204 IU, respectively. MEC, Mobile Examination Center; 25(OH)D, 25-hydroxyvitamin D.
Estimates are adjusted for age and season.
Estimates are adjusted for season.
Estimates for non-Hispanic persons reporting >1 race are not shown separately, but are included in the total.
Data do not sum to 16,180 due to missing values. Dietary weights used for analysis.