TABLE 2.
Prevalence of at risk of deficiency [serum 25(OH)D <30 nmol/L] or at risk of inadequacy [serum 25(OH)D 30–49 nmol/L] for US persons aged ≥1 y, by race and Hispanic origin and dietary sources of vitamin D, NHANES 2011–20141
| Tertiles of vitamin D intake from food and beverage sources | Use of a dietary supplement that contains vitamin D | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.0–2.0 μg | 2.1–5.1 μg | >5.1 μg | P 2 | No | Yes | P 3 | |
| n = 4,765 | n = 4,713 | n = 5,213 | n = 9,975 | n = 4,716 | |||
| Risk of deficiency (<30 nmol/L) | |||||||
| Non-Hispanic white | 2.2 (1.5, 3.4)a | 2.2 (1.2, 3.9)a | 1.0 (0.6, 1.9)a | 0.029 | 2.7 (1.9, 3.9)a | 0.5 (0.3, 0.9)a | <0.001 |
| Non-Hispanic black | 21.4 (18.1, 25.2)b | 15.1 (12.1, 18.6)b | 10.5 (8.0, 13.8)b | <0.001 | 21.4 (18.2, 25.0)b | 3.6 (2.6, 4.9)b | <0.001 |
| Non-Hispanic Asian | 9.8 (6.7, 14.0)c | 7.9 (5.0, 12.2)c | 3.1 (1.7, 5.8)a | <0.001 | 10.8 (7.8, 14.7)c | 1.3 (0.4, 3.9)a | <0.001 |
| Hispanic | 10.2 (7.1, 14.4)c | 5.6 (3.4, 9.1)a,c | 2.8 (2.0, 4.1)a | 0.001 | 7.4 (5.4, 10.0)c | 2.5 (1.2, 5.2)a | <0.001 |
| Risk of inadequacy (30–49 nmol/L) | |||||||
| Non-Hispanic white | 14.2 (11.5, 17.3)a | 11.3 (9.2, 13.7)a | 9.5 (7.3, 12.4)a | <0.001 | 16.9 (14.3, 19.8)a | 4.2 (3.2, 5.6)a | <0.001 |
| Non-Hispanic black | 36.4 (32.9, 40.0)b | 38.1 (33.9, 42.5)b | 33.5 (29.5, 37.9)b | 0.289 | 40.7 (37.8, 43.7)b | 24.2 (20.7, 28.1)b | <0.001 |
| Non-Hispanic Asian | 30.4 (25.2, 36.2)b,c | 29.0 (22.5, 36.4) b,c | 24.2 (19.5, 29.5)a | 0.326 | 37.6 (32.1, 43.5)b,c | 13.8 (10.3, 18.2)c | <0.001 |
| Hispanic | 27.4 (23.1, 32.1)c | 26.5 (22.1, 31.4)c | 24.7 (20.3, 29.7)a | 0.107 | 30.6 (26.6, 34.9)c | 13.3 (9.8, 17.9)c | <0.001 |
Source: CDC/National Center for Health Statistics. Values are weighted proportions and 95% CI. Dietary weights used. Within logistic models adjusted for age and season, pairwise differences were evaluated through the use of t-tests and orthogonal contrast matrices were used to test for linear and quadratic trends, P < 0.002. Different lowercase letters within a column and covariate category indicate significant differences, after adjustment with the Bonferroni method for multiple comparisons, P < 0.002. Vitamin D intake unit conversion: 1 μg is 40 IU; the 0.0–2.0, 2.1–5.1, and >5.1 μg groups are >80, 80–204, and >204 IU, respectively. MEC, Mobile Examination Center; 25(OH)D, 25-hydroxyvitamin D.
Linear test for trend as vitamin D intake from food and beverages increases.
Pairwise test for differences between those who used a supplement and those who did not use a supplement that contained vitamin D.