Table 1.

Characteristics of the study population according to road traffic noise exposure at the most exposed façade at baseline.

Variable	Total cohort ($n=\mathrm{39,011}$)	${\mathrm{L}}_{\text{den}}$ $\text{road}\le 55\text{\hspace{0.17em}dB}$ ($n=\mathrm{20,076}$)	${\mathrm{L}}_{\text{den}}$ road 56–60 dB ($n=\mathrm{8,569}$)	${\mathrm{L}}_{\text{den}}$ $\text{road}>60\text{\hspace{0.17em}dB}$ ($n=\mathrm{10,366}$)
Males (%)	47.4	48.7	46.5	45.8
Age at baseline (y)	57.6 (4.4)	57.4 (4.3)	57.7 (4.4)	57.9 (4.6)
Follow-up time (y)	13.1 (6.3)	13.2 (6.3)	13.0 (6.3)	12.9 (6.3)
Education (%)
Basic	26.1	23.3	27.8	30.1
Vocational/medium	44.8	45.0	44.4	44.7
Higher	29.1	31.7	27.8	25.3
Household income (%)
First tertile	18.4	14.5	20.1	24.5
Second tertile	30.0	28.6	30.8	32.2
Third tertile	51.6	56.9	49.1	43.3
Cohabiting (%)	72.0	76.7	70.0	65.5
Area-level socioeconomic status
Proportion of basic education	23.9 (7.6)	23.4 (7.4)	24.9 (7.8)	24.2 (7.9)
Proportion of low income	11.2 (6.8)	10.0 (6.1)	11.8 (7.0)	12.9 (7.3)
Proportion of unemployed	6.1 (2.3)	5.7 (1.9)	6.3 (2.6)	6.7 (2.6)
Smoking status (%)
Never	36.7	38.6	36.4	33.3
Former	27.5	28.7	27.1	25.7
Current	35.8	32.7	36.5	41.0
Smoking duration (y)a	28.9 (12.1)	28.1 (12.3)	29.2 (12.1)	30.0 (11.7)
Smoking intensity (g/d)a	17.4 (10.5)	17.1 (10.3)	17.5 (10.4)	17.8 (10.8)
Alcohol intake (g/d)	20.8 (21.2)	20.5 (20.1)	20.9 (21.3)	21.3 (22.9)
Alcohol abstainers (%)	1.9	1.7	2.1	2.0
Fruit intake (g/d)	210 (162)	211 (158)	211 (166)	208 (168)
Vegetables intake (g/d)	180 (102)	183 (100)	177 (101)	176 (106)
BMI ($\mathrm{kg}/{\mathrm{m}}^2$)	25.6 (3.8)	25.6 (3.7)	25.7 (3.8)	25.8 (4.0)
Sports during leisure time
Yes (%)	56.6	59.1	56.1	52.1
Hours among active/week	2.4 (2.3)	2.4 (2.3)	2.4 (2.2)	2.4 (2.4)
Road traffic noise
At most exposed façade [${\mathrm{L}}_{\text{den}}$ (dB)]	56.1 (7.5)	50.2 (4.1)	58.5 (1.4)	65.7 (3.7)
At least exposed façade [${\mathrm{L}}_{\text{den}}$ (dB)]	47.9 (5.7)	45.8 (4.6)	50.1 (5.3)	50.1 (6.4)
Air pollution
${\mathrm{PM}}_{2.5}$ ($\mathrm{\mu }\mathrm{g}/{\mathrm{m}}^3$)	22.0 (2.1)	21.2 (0.9)	21.7 (1.1)	23.8 (3.1)
${\mathrm{NO}}_2$ ($\mathrm{\mu }\mathrm{g}/{\mathrm{m}}^3$)	30.8 (8.0)	27.1 (4.4)	31.0 (5.3)	37.8 (10.2)

Note: Values are means (standard deviation) for continuous variables and percentage for categorical variables. BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; ${\mathrm{L}}_{\text{den}}$, indicator of overall noise levels during day, evening, and night; ${\mathrm{NO}}_2$, nitrogen dioxide; ${\mathrm{PM}}_{2.5}$, particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of $\le 2.5\mathrm{\mu }\mathrm{m}$.

^aAmong current and former smokers.