Table 1.
Estimated percentage of population without access to handwashing with soap and water globally and by GBD region, 1990 and 2019. Estimates were based upon input survey data inputs into a spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression model with access to piped water and the sociodemographic index as model covariates.
| Region | Percentage of population without access, 1990 (95% UI) | Percentage of population without access, 2019 (95% UI) |
|---|---|---|
| Global | 33.6 (31.5, 35.6) | 26.1 (24.7, 27.7) |
| East Asia | 26.1 (24.2, 28.1) | 7.7 (6.9, 8.4) |
| Southeast Asia | 28.6 (24.1, 33.5) | 16.6 (14.1, 19.5) |
| Oceania | 63.3 (56.0, 69.4) | 56.6 (52.5, 60.5) |
| Central Asia | 13.6 (11.3, 16.4) | 7.8 (6.5, 9.4) |
| Central Europe | 5.5 (4.5, 6.9) | 2.8 (2.3, 3.4) |
| Eastern Europe | 6.4 (4.6, 8.5) | 3.9 (2.7, 5.3) |
| High-income Asia Pacific | 1.4 (1.0, 2.0) | 1.0 (0.6, 1.4) |
| Australasia | 1.5 (0.9, 2.1) | 1.0 (0.7, 1.6) |
| Western Europe | 1.3 (1.1, 1.6) | 0.9 (0.8, 1.1) |
| Southern Latin America | 5.4 (3.6, 7.9) | 1.5 (1.0, 2.1) |
| High-income North America | 0.6 (0.4, 0.9) | 0.4 (0.3, 0.5) |
| Caribbean | 35.4 (31.6, 39.5) | 34.1 (31.1, 36.8) |
| Andean Latin America | 23.8 (18.5, 29.8) | 12.9 (9.6, 16.8) |
| Central Latin America | 18.6 (15.2, 23.0) | 10.6 (8.8, 12.6) |
| Tropical Latin America | 29.9 (21.0, 40.5) | 13.8 (9.1, 20.5) |
| North Africa and Middle East | 33.0 (29.9, 36.3) | 21.1 (19.8, 22.6) |
| South Asia | 59.5 (50.3, 68.7) | 37.2 (31.2, 43.5) |
| Central sub-Saharan Africa | 89.7 (86.9, 92.0) | 81.7 (79.1, 84.1) |
| Eastern sub-Saharan Africa | 92.4 (90.9, 93.6) | 83.6 (82.3, 84.9) |
| Southern sub-Saharan Africa | 64.8 (56.1, 72.6) | 51.2 (45.7, 56.7) |
| Western sub-Saharan Africa | 90.7 (88.4, 92.7) | 85.5 (83.5, 87.3) |
Note: GBD, Global Burden of Diseases Injuries, and Risk Factors Study; UI, uncertainty interval.