Table 4. Prevalence of HTN and HLP by participants’ behavioural and biological characteristics (N = 889).
| Characteristics | Total | Blood Pressure | p-value for trend | HLPɸ | χ2 p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Elevated-BP | HTN* | |||||
| n = 329 (37.0%) | n = 87 (9.8%) | n = 212 (23.7%) | ||||
| Currently smokes/sniffs/chews any tobacco products | ||||||
| No | 676 | 244(35.8) | 54(8.0) | 0.001 | 162(24.0) | 0.884 |
| Yes | 213 | 85(39.9) | 33(15.5) | 50(23.5) | ||
| Current smoke/sniff/chew tobacco products daily (N = 213) | ||||||
| No | 9 | 1(11.1) | 2(22.2) | 0.197 | 3(33.3) | 0.476 |
| Yes | 204 | 84(41.2) | 31(15.2) | 47(23.0) | ||
| Currently/in the past 12 months, consume any alcohol. | ||||||
| No | 715 | 258(36.1) | 52(7.3) | <0.001 | 152(21.3) | <0.001 |
| Yes | 174 | 71(40.8) | 35(20.1) | 60(34.5) | ||
| Frequency of alcohol consumption (N = 174) | ||||||
| Two days or less/ week | 115 | 43(37.4) | 24(20.9) | 0.215 | 40(34.8) | 0.734 |
| At least days/week | 59 | 30(50.8) | 11(18.6) | 19(32.2) | ||
| Eat fruit in a typical week. | ||||||
| No | 426 | 163(38.3) | 42(9.9) | 0.732 | 98(23.0) | 0.572 |
| Yes | 463 | 166(35.9) | 45(9.7) | 114(24.6) | ||
| Eat veg. in a typical week. | ||||||
| No | 140 | 53(37.9) | 16(11.4) | 0.710 | 27(19.3) | 0.168 |
| Yes | 749 | 276(36.8) | 71(9.5) | 185(24.7) | ||
| Frequency of adding salt to the food right before eating | ||||||
| Never | 426 | 169(39.7) | 40(9.4) | 0.597 | 94(22.1) | 0.452 |
| Rarely | 219 | 78(35.6) | 21(9.6) | 54(24.7) | ||
| Sometimes | 244 | 82(33.6) | 26(10.7) | 64(26.2) | ||
| Any physical activities | ||||||
| No | 22 | 6(27.3) | 2(9.1) | 0.592 | 9(40.9) | 0.057 |
| Yes | 867 | 323(37.3) | 85(9.8) | 203(23.4) | ||
| Family history of any CVDs from 1st-degree relative | ||||||
| No | 848 | 309(36.4) | 81(9.6) | 0.087 | 195(23.0) | 0.007 |
| Yes | 41 | 20(48.8) | 6(14.6) | 17(41.5) | ||
| BMI categories in kg/m2 | ||||||
| Normal (18.5–24.9) | 616 | 231(37.5) | 55(8.9) | <0.001 | 121(19.6) | <0.001 |
| Underweight (≤18.4) | 132 | 40(30.3) | 6(4.5) | 22(16.7) | ||
| Overweight (25–29.9) | 108 | 46(42.6) | 17(15.7) | 56(51.9) | ||
| Obese (≥30) | 33 | 12(36.4) | 9(27.3) | 13(39.4) | ||
| WHR categories (abnormal: >0.90(males) & >0.85(females) | ||||||
| Normal | 387 | 140(36.2) | 33(8.5) | 0.406 | 75(19.4) | 0.006 |
| Abnormal | 502 | 189(37.6) | 54(10.8) | 137(27.3) | ||
| The blood glucose level in mmol/L (RBG>11 or FBG>7 = Raised) | ||||||
| Normal | 877 | 323(36.8) | 84(9.6) | 0.072 | 207(23.6) | 0.145 |
| Raised blood glucose | 12 | 6(50.0) | 3(25.0) | 5(41.7) | ||
*<120/80mmHg = Normal BP, 120/80-139.9/89.9mmHg = Elevated BP, ≥140/90mmHg = HTN
ɸ<200mg/dL = Normal TC levels, ≥200mg/dL = HLP