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. 2018 Dec 5;148(12):1917–1923. doi: 10.1093/jn/nxy235

TABLE 2.

Changes in sleep patterns of adults who are overweight or obese after 5 wk of following a Mediterranean dietary pattern with different amounts of lean, unprocessed red meat1

Med-Red Pattern Med-Control Pattern P
Baseline (n = 34) Post (n = 35) Change Within-patternP2 Baseline (n = 36) Post (n = 37) Change Within-patternP2 Time Time × pattern
Time in bed, min 442 ± 10 431 ± 9 −12 ± 10 0.023 427 ± 10 447 ± 9 20 ± 10 0.012 0.31 0.006
Time sleeping, min 401 ± 9 393 ± 9 −8 ± 9 0.21 388 ± 9 409 ± 9 21 ± 9 0.016 0.21 0.008
Sleep efficiency, % 85 ± 1 85 ± 1 0 ± 1 N/A 84 ± 1 85 ± 1 1 ± 1 N/A 0.34 0.40
WASO 37 ± 2 33 ± 2 −4 ± 1 0.005 34 ± 2 35 ± 2 1 ± 1 0.17 0.15 <0.001*
Onset latency, min 17 ± 2 17 ± 3 0 ± 3 N/A 15 ± 2 16 ± 3 1 ± 3 N/A 0.41 0.77

1Values are least-square means ± least-square mean SEMs. All values were extracted from a doubly repeated-measures ANOVA adjusted for age, sex, and body mass at each time point. An average of 3 nights of data were analyzed at each time point. *P value robust to Benjamini-Hochberg correction for multiple comparisons.Difference in baseline values robust to Benjamini-Hochberg correction for multiple comparisons. Med-Control Pattern, Mediterranean-style eating pattern with ∼200 g of lean, unprocessed red meat/wk; Med-Red Pattern, Mediterranean-style eating pattern with ∼500 g of lean, unprocessed red meat/wk; N/A, not assessed; WASO, wake after sleep onset in minutes.

2Post hoc pattern-specific effects were analyzed when time × patternP < 0.05.