Table 3. Nutrient intakes and KDRI percentage of nutrient intakes of the subjects.
| Variables | Model 11) | Model 22) | KDRIs percentage | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LA (n = 638) | LS (n = 1,218) | P-value | LA (n = 638) | LS (n = 1,218) | P-value | LA (n = 638) | LS (n = 1,218) | P-value | |
| Energy (kcal) | 1,726.8 ± 31.7 | 1,749.6 ± 25.8 | 0.548 | 1,863.3 ± 40.21) | 1,843.0 ± 31.7 | 0.584 | 90.4 ± 1.5 | 99.1 ± 1.5 | < 0.001 |
| Protein (g) | 54.4 ± 0.8 | 54.8 ± 0.6 | 0.699 | 57.6 ± 1.1 | 57.3 ± 0.9 | 0.749 | 99.2 ± 2.3 | 114.6 ± 2.2 | < 0.001 |
| Fat (g) | 25.2 ± 0.9 | 24.3 ± 0.6 | 0.379 | 29.9 ± 1.1 | 27.9 ± 0.7 | 0.059 | - | - | - |
| Saturated fatty acid (g) | 7.0 ± 0.3 | 6.6 ± 0.2 | 0.181 | 8.1 ± 0.4 | 7.4 ± 0.2 | < 0.05 | - | - | - |
| Cholesterol (g) | 130.6 ± 6.4 | 124.7 ± 5.2 | 0.473 | 165.1 ± 9.6 | 152.7 ± 8.3 | 0.152 | - | - | - |
| Carbohydrates (g) | 298.2 ± 2.9 | 305.9 ± 1.8 | < 0.05 | 290.7 ± 3.5 | 300.7 ± 2.5 | < 0.001 | - | - | - |
| Calcium (mg) | 396.7 ± 10.4 | 412.4 ± 8.9 | 0.253 | 422.3 ± 13.3 | 435.0 ± 11.5 | 0.374 | 44.7 ± 1.4 | 60.1 ± 1.4 | < 0.001 |
| Phosphorus (mg) | 860.3 ± 12.0 | 884.1 ± 8.9 | 0.124 | 933.7 ± 15.8 | 942.8 ± 13.2 | 0.539 | 106.5 ± 2.4 | 134.9 ± 2.3 | < 0.001 |
| Iron (mg) | 15.2 ± 0.3 | 16.3 ± 0.3 | < 0.05 | 15.8 ± 0.6 | 16.7 ± 0.6 | 0.095 | 176.1 ± 4.9 | 201.8 ± 4.5 | < 0.001 |
| Sodium (mg) | 3,199.0 ± 83.8 | 3,274.4 ± 64.9 | 0.479 | 3,161.4 ± 108.1 | 3,267.1 ± 97.4 | 0.322 | 234.8 ± 7.3 | 282.0 ± 6.5 | < 0.001 |
| Potassium (mg) | 2,507.5 ± 50.2 | 2,776.6 ± 42.3 | < 0.001 | 2,791.1 ± 66.3 | 3,002.7 ± 61.4 | < 0.001 | 64.3 ± 1.6 | 83.7 ± 1.7 | < 0.001 |
| Vitamin A (µgRE) | 603.7 ± 40.7 | 561.7 ± 24.4 | 0.400 | 642.1 ± 48.0 | 593.7 ± 29.6 | 0.332 | 91.0 ± 6.1 | 93.5 ± 3.7 | 0.732 |
| Thiamine (mg) | 1.70 ± 0.03 | 1.74 ± 0.02 | 0.236 | 1.73 ± 0.04 | 1.76 ± 0.02 | 0.411 | 134.2 ± 3.2 | 158.8 ± 2.7 | < 0.001 |
| Riboflavin (mg) | 0.93 ± 0.02 | 1.02 ± 0.02 | < 0.05 | 1.06 ± 0.03 | 1.12 ± 0.02 | < 0.05 | 64.3 ± 2.0 | 78.6 ± 1.7 | < 0.001 |
| Niacin (mg) | 12.2 ± 0.2 | 12.9 ± 0.2 | < 0.05 | 13.2 ± 0.3 | 13.8 ± 0.2 | 0.117 | 72.8 ± 1.9 | 90.6 ± 2.0 | < 0.001 |
| Vitamin C (mg) | 81.2 ± 4.5 | 102.6 ± 5.1 | < 0.01 | 109.2 ± 7.1 | 124.4 ± 6.9 | < 0.05 | 74.3 ± 3.9 | 107.9 ± 5.6 | < 0.001 |
Values are the mean ± SE, significant difference determined using CSGLM.
LA, living alone; LS, living with a spouse; KDRIs, Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans; EER, the specific estimated energy requirement for energy; RNI, recommended nutrient intakes for protein, calcium, phosphorus, iron, vitamin A, thiamine, riboflavin, niacin and vitamin C; AI, adequate intake for sodium and potassium; CSGLM, complex sample general linear model.
1)Model 1: adjusted for sex and age.
2)Model 2: adjusted for sex, age, energy intake, household income level, and education level.