Table 4. Group differences of changes in macronutrient and body composition according to stage of change in TTM.
| Variable | Adherent1) | Non-adherent2) | P | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All (n = 34) | Low3) (n = 5) | High4) (n = 32) | All | Low (n = 25) | High (n = 7) | |||
| Macronutrient | ||||||||
| Δ Energy (kcal) | −563.7 ± 656.8 | −14.7 ± 756.3 | −598.8 ± 765.7 | −294.5 ± 698.6 | −226.7 ± 751.7 | −498.0 ± 498.3 | 0.049 | |
| Δ Energy (%) | −26.5 ± 30.0 | −13.3 ± 19.2 | −27.4 ± 30.5 | −18.4 ± 27.7 | −18.2 ± 26.3 | −19.0 ± 33.9 | 0.021 | |
| Δ Carbohydrate (g) | −57.4 ± 88.2 | 78.1 ± 155.1 | −66.4 ± 78.3 | −48.1 ± 83.3 | −50.2 ± 86.6 | −42.0 ± 78.2 | 0.106 | |
| Δ Fat (g) | −28.3 ± 40.6 | −22.2 ± 19.3 | −28.7 ± 41.7 | −9.3 ± 42.0 | −3.1 ± 45.0 | −28.1 ± 25.7 | 0.018 | |
| Body composition | ||||||||
| Δ BMI (kg/m2) | −0.8 ± 0.9 | −0.2 ± 0.3 | −0.8 ± 0.9 | 0.7 ± 0.6 | 0.7 ± 0.6 | 0.7 ± 0.8 | 0.017 | |
| Δ BMI-z | −0.3 ± 0.2 | −0.3 ± 0.2 | −0.3 ± 0.2 | 0.1 ± 0.1 | 0.1 ± 0.1 | 0.1 ± 0.2 | 0.000 | |
| Δ LBM | 0.8 ± 2.0 | 0.8 ± 2.0 | 1.3 ± 0.2 | 1.4 ± 2.9 | 1.9 ± 2.1 | 1.3 ± 3.1 | 0.002 | |
| Δ Fat (kg) | −1.3 ± 2.1 | −1.7 ± 2.2 | −0.3 ± 2.2 | 1.4 ± 1.5 | 1.4 ± 0.7 | 1.4 ± 1.6 | 0.033 | |
| Δ Fat (%) | −1.5 ± 1.9 | −0.6 ± 0.6 | −1.5 ± 1.9 | 0.5 ± 2.9 | 0.8 ± 3.1 | −0.4 ± 1.6 | 0.034 | |
TTM, transtheoretical model; BMI, body mass index; LBM, lean body mass.
Significantly different between groups using group × stage of change interaction effects in the general linear regression model after adjusting for age, sex, mother's and father's education years, and physical activity group covariate at *P < 0.05.
1)Adherent: participants with good adherence in the intervention program including attending clinical and nutrition sessions.
2)Non-adherent: participants with poor adherence to the intervention program including attending clinical and nutrition sessions.
3)Low: in pre-contemplation to contemplation stages of change in the TTM.
4)High: in ready to action stages of change in the TTM.