Table 2.
Univariable and multivariable logistic regression on the risk of stillbirth
| Baseline characteristic | Proportion (%) | Univariable | Multivariable (complete case) | Multivariable (MI) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | p value | aOR (95% CI) | p value | aOR (95% CI) | p value | ||
| Treatment | |||||||
| AL | 19/1087 (2%) | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| AAP | 1/81 (1%) | 0.61 (0.08–4.93) | 0.64 | 0.99 (0.13–7.67) | 0.99 | 0.82 (0.10–6.46) | 0.85 |
| AS | 2/193 (1%) | 0.56 (0.12–2.57) | 0.45 | 0.80 (0.18–3.61) | 0.77 | 0.67 (0.15–3.02) | 0.60 |
| ASAQ | 13/775 (2%) | 0.89 (0.42–1.88) | 0.76 | 0.96 (0.40–2.32) | 0.93 | 1.00 (0.47–2.10) | 0.99 |
| ASMQ | 23/965 (2%) | 1.20 (0.62–2.32) | 0.58 | 1.58 (0.76–3.25) | 0.22 | 1.38 (0.70–2.70) | 0.35 |
| ASSP | 4/154 (3%) | 1.43 (0.42–4.81) | 0.57 | 1.23 (0.34–4.49) | 0.75 | 1.35 (0.42–4.41) | 0.62 |
| DP | 19/837 (2%) | 1.09 (0.54–2.18) | 0.81 | 1.36 (0.65–2.85) | 0.41 | 1.22 (0.60–2.47) | 0.58 |
| Q | 2/184 (1%) | 0.51 (0.11–2.34) | 0.39 | 0.71 (0.16–3.25) | 0.66 | 0.51 (0.11–2.33) | 0.39 |
| QC | 1/58 (2%) | 0.81 (0.09–7.15) | 0.85 | 1.40 (0.18–11.01) | 0.75 | 1.12 (0.14–9.24) | 0.92 |
| EGA at malaria episode | |||||||
| 4.0–13.9 | 0/38 (0%) | No data | |||||
| 14.0–19.9 | 22/896 (2%) | Reference | |||||
| 20.0–23.9 | 20/1065 (2%) | 0.72 (0.39–1.33) | 0.30 | ||||
| 24.0–27.9 | 21/964 (2%) | 0.82 (0.45–1.51) | 0.53 | ||||
| 28.0–36.9 | 19/1319 (1%) | 0.51 (0.27–0.95) | 0.04 | ||||
| ≥ 37.0 (weeks) | 2/51 (4%) | 1.63 (0.37–7.32) | 0.52 | ||||
| Age group | |||||||
| < 20 | 27/1388 (2%) | Reference | |||||
| 20–25 | 27/1399 (2%) | 0.97 (0.56–1.66) | 0.91 | ||||
| 25–30 | 18/836 (2%) | 1.10 (0.60–2.02) | 0.76 | ||||
| 30–35 | 6/419 (1%) | 0.73 (0.30–1.77) | 0.48 | ||||
| ≥ 35 (years) | 6/292 (2%) | 1.03 (0.42–2.54) | 0.95 | ||||
| Pregnancy history | |||||||
| G1 | 33/1519 (2%) | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| G2 with no loss | 11/741 (1%) | 0.68 (0.34–1.35) | 0.27 | 0.52 (0.23–1.15) | 0.11 | 0.63 (0.31–1.26) | 0.19 |
| G ≥ 3 with no loss | 15/1165 (1%) | 0.60 (0.33–1.11) | 0.11 | 0.47 (0.23–0.98) | 0.04 | 0.51 (0.27–0.97) | 0.04 |
| G2 with 1 loss | 8/264 (3%) | 1.28 (0.57–2.84) | 0.55 | 1.12 (0.46–2.74) | 0.81 | 1.35 (0.60–3.01) | 0.47 |
| G ≥ 3 with 1 loss | 11/462 (2%) | 1.05 (0.53–2.11) | 0.89 | 0.60 (0.25–1.49) | 0.27 | 0.95 (0.46–1.93) | 0.88 |
| G ≥ 3 with ≥ 2 losses | 5/145 (3%) | 1.45 (0.55–3.81) | 0.45 | 0.98 (0.28–3.37) | 0.97 | 1.33 (0.49–3.64) | 0.58 |
| Weight (kg) | 84/4334 (2%) | 1.01 (0.99–1.04) | 0.34 | ||||
| Height (cm) | 73/3809 (2%) | 0.99 (0.95–1.02) | 0.42 | ||||
| BMI (kg/m2) | |||||||
| < 18.5 | 8/239 (3%) | 2.16 (1.01–4.62) | 0.048 | ||||
| 18.5–24.9 | 49/3044 (2%) | Reference | |||||
| 25.0–29.9 | 12/458 (3%) | 1.40 (0.71–2.77) | 0.33 | ||||
| ≥ 30.0 | 4/68 (6%) | 2.86 (0.93–8.80) | 0.07 | ||||
| HIV infection | |||||||
| Yes | 3/35 (9%) | 5.41 (1.57–18.65) | 0.008 | 6.06 (1.69–21.68) | 0.006 | 4.35 (1.15–16.52) | 0.03 |
| No | 61/3627 (2%) | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| Parasitaemia (log10/μL) | 84/4334 (2%) | 1.16 (0.90–1.51) | 0.26 | ||||
| Fever > 37.5 °C | |||||||
| Yes | 8/395 (2%) | 1.20 (0.56–2.56) | 0.64 | ||||
| No | 73/3897 (2%) | Reference | |||||
| Haemoglobin (g/dL) | 84/4334 (2%) | 1.13 (0.97–1.32) | 0.12 | 1.14 (0.94–1.37) | 0.18 | 1.20 (1.02–1.41) | 0.03 |
| Gametocytaemia | |||||||
| Yes | 2/161 (1%) | 0.67 (0.17–2.75) | 0.58 | ||||
| No | 79/4110 (2%) | Reference | |||||
| Mixed infection | |||||||
| Yes | 0/32 (0%) | No data | |||||
| No | 84/4302 (2%) | Reference | |||||
| Malaria transmission | |||||||
| Low | 12/993 (1%) | 0.44 (0.21–0.90) | 0.03 | ||||
| Moderate | 57/2348 (2%) | Reference | |||||
| High | 15/993 (2%) | 0.61 (0.30–1.26) | 0.18 | ||||
Intraclass correlation, < 0.01. AAP artesunate with atovaquone-proguanil, AL artemether-lumefantrine, aOR adjusted odds ratio, AS artesunate monotherapy, ASAQ artesunate-amodiaquine, ASMQ artesunate-mefloquine, ASSP artesunate-sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine, BMI body mass index, CI confidence interval, DP dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine, EGA estimated gestational age, G gravidity, HIV human immunodeficiency virus, MI multiple imputation, OR odds ratio, Q quinine monotherapy, QC quinine with clindamycin