Table 4.
Univariable and multivariable logistic regression on the risk of small for gestational age
| Baseline characteristic | Proportion (%) | Univariable | Multivariable (complete case) | Multivariable (MI) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | p value | aOR (95% CI) | p value | aOR (95% CI) | p value | ||
| Treatment | |||||||
| AL | 241/973 (25%) | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| AAP | 25/55 (45%) | 1.99 (0.89–4.45) | 0.09 | 0.69 (0.18–2.63) | 0.58 | 1.85 (0.72–4.75) | 0.20 |
| AS | 56/154 (36%) | 1.38 (0.83–2.29) | 0.22 | 1.30 (0.73–2.30) | 0.38 | 1.26 (0.74–2.16) | 0.40 |
| ASAQ | 164/700 (23%) | 1.02 (0.79–1.32) | 0.85 | 0.97 (0.71–1.32) | 0.85 | 1.05 (0.80–1.37) | 0.73 |
| ASMQ | 257/820 (31%) | 0.99 (0.78–1.26) | 0.96 | 1.01 (0.76–1.34) | 0.95 | 1.00 (0.78–1.28) | 0.99 |
| ASSP | 66/129 (51%) | 1.44 (0.85–2.44) | 0.17 | 1.74 (0.94–3.20) | 0.08 | 1.37 (0.79–2.36) | 0.27 |
| DP | 163/716 (23%) | 0.86 (0.67–1.12) | 0.26 | 0.91 (0.68–1.21) | 0.51 | 0.87 (0.67–1.14) | 0.31 |
| Q | 20/119 (17%) | 0.56 (0.31–1.04) | 0.07 | 0.22 (0.05–0.92) | 0.04 | 0.69 (0.32–1.52) | 0.36 |
| QC | 15/41 (37%) | 1.28 (0.51–3.18) | 0.60 | No data | 1.11 (0.37–3.35) | 0.86 | |
| EGA at malaria episode | |||||||
| 4.0–13.9 | 10/31 (32%) | 0.70 (0.31–1.59) | 0.39 | 0.74 (0.30–1.83) | 0.51 | 0.62 (0.27–1.45) | 0.27 |
| 14.0–19.9 | 227/765 (30%) | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| 20.0–23.9 | 246/914 (27%) | 0.81 (0.65–1.01) | 0.06 | 0.82 (0.63–1.06) | 0.14 | 0.80 (0.63–1.00) | 0.05 |
| 24.0–27.9 | 219/820 (27%) | 0.74 (0.59–0.94) | 0.01 | 0.83 (0.63–1.10) | 0.20 | 0.80 (0.63–1.01) | 0.07 |
| 28.0–36.9 | 289/1138 (25%) | 0.60 (0.48–0.75) | < 0.001 | 0.69 (0.53–0.90) | 0.006 | 0.70 (0.55–0.87) | 0.002 |
| ≥ 37.0 (weeks) | 16/39 (41%) | 1.13 (0.56–2.27) | 0.74 | 0.59 (0.15–2.23) | 0.43 | 1.36 (0.66–2.84) | 0.41 |
| Age group | |||||||
| < 20 | 379/1202 (32%) | Reference | |||||
| 20–25 | 332/1185 (28%) | 0.65 (0.54–0.79) | < 0.001 | ||||
| 25–30 | 170/717 (24%) | 0.52 (0.42–0.66) | < 0.001 | ||||
| 30–35 | 63/357 (18%) | 0.37 (0.27–0.50) | < 0.001 | ||||
| ≥ 35 (years) | 63/246 (26%) | 0.55 (0.40–0.77) | < 0.001 | ||||
| Pregnancy history | |||||||
| G1 | 444/1316 (34%) | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| G2 with no loss | 154/614 (25%) | 0.58 (0.47–0.73) | < 0.001 | 0.63 (0.49–0.83) | < 0.001 | 0.62 (0.49–0.78) | < 0.001 |
| G ≥ 3 with no loss | 186/1011 (18%) | 0.40 (0.33–0.50) | < 0.001 | 0.48 (0.37–0.63) | < 0.001 | 0.48 (0.39–0.60) | < 0.001 |
| G2 with 1 loss | 76/225 (34%) | 0.81 (0.59–1.11) | 0.19 | 0.75 (0.53–1.07) | 0.12 | 0.82 (0.59–1.12) | 0.21 |
| G ≥ 3 with 1 loss | 88/387 (23%) | 0.46 (0.35–0.61) | < 0.001 | 0.57 (0.42–0.79) | < 0.001 | 0.54 (0.41–0.72) | < 0.001 |
| G ≥ 3 with ≥ 2 losses | 40/117 (34%) | 0.76 (0.50–1.15) | 0.19 | 0.79 (0.47–1.32) | 0.37 | 0.79 (0.51–1.21) | 0.27 |
| Weight (kg) | 1007/3707 (27%) | 0.95 (0.94–0.96) | < 0.001 | ||||
| Height (cm) | 891/3347 (27%) | 0.95 (0.94–0.96) | < 0.001 | 0.95 (0.93–0.96) | < 0.001 | 0.95 (0.93–0.96) | < 0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 891/3347 (27%) | 0.92 (0.89–0.95) | < 0.001 | 0.92 (0.89–0.96) | < 0.001 | 0.92 (0.89–0.95) | < 0.001 |
| HIV infection | |||||||
| Yes | 6/24 (25%) | 0.92 (0.35–2.42) | 0.87 | 2.45 (0.62–9.73) | 0.20 | 1.04 (0.43–2.55) | 0.92 |
| No | 849/3105 (27%) | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| Parasitaemia (log10/μL) | 1007/3707 (27%) | 1.24 (1.13–1.36) | < 0.001 | 1.20 (1.07–1.35) | 0.002 | 1.14 (1.03–1.26) | 0.009 |
| Fever > 37.5 °C | |||||||
| Yes | 112/325 (34%) | 1.14 (0.88–1.47) | 0.33 | ||||
| No | 888/3352 (26%) | Reference | |||||
| Haemoglobin (g/dL) | 1003/3690 (27%) | 0.90 (0.85–0.95) | < 0.001 | ||||
| Gametocytaemia | |||||||
| Yes | 36/133 (27%) | 0.86 (0.57–1.29) | 0.45 | ||||
| No | 953/3522 (27%) | Reference | |||||
| Mixed infection | |||||||
| Yes | 14/25 (56%) | 3.11 (1.36–7.12) | 0.007 | 1.52 (0.52–4.46) | 0.45 | 2.54 (1.07–5.99) | 0.03 |
| No | 993/3682 (27%) | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| Malaria transmission | |||||||
| Low | 277/726 (38%) | 1.27 (0.80–2.01) | 0.32 | ||||
| Moderate | 484/2040 (24%) | Reference | |||||
| High | 246/941 (26%) | 0.94 (0.60–1.47) | 0.78 | ||||
Intraclass correlation, 0.06. AAP artesunate with atovaquone-proguanil, AL artemether-lumefantrine, aOR adjusted odds ratio, AS artesunate monotherapy, ASAQ artesunate-amodiaquine, ASMQ artesunate-mefloquine, ASSP artesunate-sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine, BMI body mass index, CI confidence interval, DP dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine, EGA estimated gestational age, G gravidity, HIV human immunodeficiency virus, MI multiple imputation, OR odds ratio, Q quinine monotherapy, QC quinine with clindamycin