Table 5.
Univariable and multivariable logistic regression on the risk of malaria pigment deposition in the placenta
| Baseline characteristic | Proportion (%) | Univariable | Multivariable | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | p value | aOR (95% CI) | p value | ||
| Treatment | |||||
| AL | 733/880 (83%) | Reference | Reference | ||
| AS | 56/84 (67%) | 1.63 (0.86–3.10) | 0.13 | 1.77 (0.85–3.68) | 0.13 |
| ASAQ | 544/645 (84%) | 0.93 (0.67–1.29) | 0.68 | 0.90 (0.63–1.28) | 0.55 |
| ASMQ | 560/658 (85%) | 0.80 (0.57–1.12) | 0.20 | 0.78 (0.54–1.13) | 0.20 |
| DP | 559/642 (87%) | 0.96 (0.67–1.36) | 0.81 | 0.91 (0.62–1.34) | 0.64 |
| Q | 53/78 (68%) | 1.05 (0.55–2.00) | 0.89 | 0.80 (0.38–1.66) | 0.55 |
| Interval from malaria to delivery (week) | 2505/2987 (84%) | 0.98 (0.96–0.99) | 0.005 | 0.97 (0.95–0.99) | 0.002 |
| Age (year) | 2505/2987 (84%) | 0.89 (0.88–0.91) | < 0.001 | 0.93 (0.91–0.95) | < 0.001 |
| Parity | |||||
| 0 | 1199/1292 (93%) | Reference | Reference | ||
| 1 | 498/580 (86%) | 0.50 (0.36–0.69) | < 0.001 | 0.82 (0.58–1.17) | 0.27 |
| ≥ 2 | 807/1112 (73%) | 0.21 (0.16–0.27) | < 0.001 | 0.59 (0.41–0.86) | 0.006 |
| Weight (kg) | 2505/2987 (84%) | 0.97 (0.96–0.98) | < 0.001 | ||
| Height (cm) | 2383/2806 (85%) | 0.98 (0.96–1.00) | 0.01 | ||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 2383/2806 (85%) | 0.95 (0.92–0.99) | 0.008 | ||
| HIV infection | |||||
| Yes | 18/24 (75%) | 1.06 (0.40–2.82) | 0.91 | ||
| No | 2035/2414 (84%) | Reference | |||
| Parasitaemia (log10/μL) | 2505/2987 (84%) | 2.04 (1.76–2.35) | < 0.001 | 1.67 (1.42–1.96) | < 0.001 |
| Body temperature (°C) | 2504/2986 (84%) | 1.35 (1.13–1.61) | < 0.001 | 1.22 (1.00–1.49) | 0.045 |
| Haemoglobin (g/dL) | 2500/2978 (84%) | 0.65 (0.60–0.70) | < 0.001 | 0.72 (0.65–0.78) | < 0.001 |
| Gametocytaemia | |||||
| Yes | 84/91 (92%) | 3.60 (1.62–7.97) | 0.002 | 3.62 (1.58–8.26) | 0.002 |
| No | 2417/2891 (84%) | Reference | Reference | ||
| Mixed infection | |||||
| Yes | 12/16 (75%) | 1.82 (0.57–5.82) | 0.31 | ||
| No | 2493/2971 (84%) | Reference | |||
| Malaria transmission | |||||
| Low | 159/249 (64%) | 1.16 (0.57–2.34) | 0.69 | 0.81 (0.34–1.91) | 0.63 |
| Moderate | 1588/1838 (86%) | Reference | Reference | ||
| High | 758/900 (84%) | 1.14 (0.66–1.96) | 0.65 | 1.16 (0.63–2.13) | 0.64 |
Intraclass correlation, 0.14. AL artemether-lumefantrine, aOR adjusted odds ratio, AS artesunate monotherapy, ASAQ artesunate-amodiaquine, ASMQ artesunate-mefloquine, BMI body mass index, CI confidence interval, DP dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine, EGA estimated gestational age, G gravidity, HIV human immunodeficiency virus, OR odds ratio, Q quinine monotherapy