Fig. 4. Co-stimulation with PM2.5 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa increased the expression of IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α protein in vivo and in vitro. (A-C) Detection of IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α in serum of mice by ELISA (n = 5). (D-F) The expression levels of IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α in the cell supernatant were detected by ELISA (n = 3). Data are presented as the means ± standard error of the mean.

IL, interleukin; PBS, phosphate-buffered saline; PM2.5, particulate matter less than 2.5 µm in diameter; P. aeruginosa, Pseudomonas aeruginosa; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

^*p < 0.05, ^**p < 0.01, ^***p < 0.001.