TABLE 4.

Change in frequency of nocturnal voiding and sleep outcomes from baseline to 12 weeks, among participants with poor baseline sleep quality (defined by Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index global score >5)

	Paced respiration (N=55)		Music control (N=57)		Between-group difference
	Change (95% CI)a	P value	Change (95% CI)a	P value	Difference (95% CI)a	P value
Nocturnal voiding episodes per night (by voiding diary)	−0.4 (−0.6 to −0.2)	<.01	−0.2 (−0.4 to −0.0)	.05	−0.2 (−0.5 to 0.1)	.24
Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) global scoreb	−1.8 (−2.5 to −1.1)	<.01	−1.6 (−2.3 to −0.93)	<.01	−0.2 (−1.1 to 0.8)	.77
PSQI habitual sleep efficiency percentagec	5.5 (1.6 to 9.3)	<.01	2.6 (−1.1 to 6.3)	.20	2.8 (−2.5 to 8.2)	.23
PSQI sleep disturbances sum	−2.3 (−3.4 to −1.2)	<.01	−2.9 (−4.0 to −1.9)	<.01	0.7 (−0.9 to 2.2)	.41
PSQI sleep latency, minc	−4.0 (−7.8 to −0.1)	<.01	−3.0 (−6.7 to 0.8)	.03	−1.0 (−6.3 to 4.3)	.62
Total sleep time in hours (by sleep diary)	0.1 (−0.3 to 0.4)	.74	0.2 (−0.2 to 0.5)	.41	−0.1 (−0.6 to 0.4)	.73
Wake after sleep onset percentage (by sleep diary)c	−1.9 (−4.0 to 0.2)	.01	−1.2 (−3.3 to 0.9)	.01	−0.7 (−3.6 to 2.3)	.99

CI, confidence interval; PSQI, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index.

^aLeast square mean estimates and confidence intervals derived from analysis of covariance models. All models adjusted by baseline values

^bPSQI score inversely related to sleep quality; improvement shown as negative change

^cP values using Winsorized (98–99th percentile) values, change values using raw values.