Table 1.

Summary of studies comparing full-face and half-coverage helmets with regard to head and cervical outcomes in motorcyclists who had road accidents.

Factors/Study	Lam et al	Ramli et al	Yu et al
Country	Taiwan	Malaysia	Taiwan
Year	2015	2014	2011
Study design	Case-control	Case-control	Matched case-control
Inclusion	- patients with ICD-9 codes 800–804, 850–854 (brain concussion, intracranial hemorrhage, skull-bone fracture) - motorcycle crash - over 17 years of age	- all motorcyclists or passengers - all ethnic groups - all age groups and genders - all injury types and levels of severity - were involved in a motorcycle crash in the Catchment area (southern Klang Valley) during the study period (2010–2011)	- Age > 15 y - Lived in Taichung - Visited the emergency room at China Medical University Hospital due to motorcycle injuries
Exclusion	Any cases with missing data on helmet use, helmet type, or cervical spine injury	Motorcyclists who did not sustain any injury, or discharged themselves from hospital care without a definitive diagnosis, and those involved in road crashes outside Klang Valley	Riders who were not operating a motorcycle—i.e. those who were riding a minibike, a bicycle or a tricycle or wore a safety helmet for construction or were involved in a crash outside the city of Taichung
Numbers of participants	5,225 patients; 173 (3.3%) case group and 5,052 (96.7%) control group	755 participants; 391 (51.8%) facial injuries and 364 (49.2%) no facial injury	458 pairs of case-control; not all helmeted
Primary outcome	Cervical spine injury	Facial injury	Head injury
Full-face helmet with head injury, n	28	6	50
Full-face helmet without head injury, n	1,259	12	73
Half-coverage helmet with head injury, n	104	304	274
Half-coverage helmet without head injury, n	3,385	293	208