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. 2020 May 26;8:488. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00488

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Copyright © 2020 Xu, Lu and Lee.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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The processes of immunotherapy mediated by nanoparticle-based PTT (A) and the tumor recurrence. There are eight steps to treat tumors after the PTT under NIR irradiation: (1) The ablated tumor cells release antitumor antigens (2) and proinflammatory cytokines. Then (3) the cytokines and antigens promote the maturation of dendritic cells in the tumor-draining lymph node (4) and help to recruit myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and CD8+ and CD4+ T cells. (5) The CD8+ T cells can induce an antitumor immune response. In the tumor recurrence, (6) the MDSC infiltrate in the tumor, (7) and release anti-inflammatory cytokines, (8) CD4 + FOXP3 + Treg cells are activated by MDSCs and inhibit the antitumor immune response, (9) the maturation of dendritic cells is blocked by anti-inflammatory cytokines and activated Treg cells, and (10) the overall action of MDSCs causes tumor remission (Rajendrakumar et al., 2018). Reproduced with permission from reference Rajendrakumar et al. (2018).