Table 1.
Biofilm disruptive strategies based on matrix disruptive agents.
| Strategy | Agent | Associated compound | Mechanism of action | Bacterial strains | Disease model | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Enzymes |
Dispersin B (0–20 μg/sample) |
- | Disrupt PNAG |
S. epidermidis (strain 210) B.cenocepacia (SCCH2:Bcn33- 1220 ST709) A. xylosoxidans (SCCH3:Ach 33-1365 glt allele 2) |
- | Dobrynina et al., 2015 |
|
Dispersin B (0.03 U ml−1) |
Ag-BP2 peptide | Disrupt PNAG | S. epidermidis (ATCC 35984) | - | Chen and Lee, 2018 | |
|
DNase I (5.0 μg ml−1) |
Ampicillin Cefotaxime Rifampin Levofloxacin Azithromycin (50 × MIC) |
Disrupt eDNA Antibacterial activity |
E. coli (ATCC 25922) H. influenzae (VT 450-2006) K. pneumoniae (VT 1367) P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) S. aureus (ATCC 29213) S. pyogenes (VT 59) A. baumannii (VT 126) |
- | Tetz et al., 2009 | |
| Alginate lyase (15 U) DNase I (100 mg l−1) |
Vancomycin (0.25 g l−1) | Disrupt EPS Antibacterial activity |
E. faecalis (clinical isolates) E. faecium (clinical isolates) |
Urinary tract infections | Torelli et al., 2017 | |
| DNase I (0.5 μg ml−1) Marine bacterial DNase (0.5 μg ml−1) | Essential oils from: Pogostemon heyneanus Cinnamomum tamala 1 and 1.5% (v/v) | Target eDNA Antibacterial activity | MRSA (ATCC 33591) | - | Rubini et al., 2018 | |
| Esperase® (8.3 × 10−4 U ml−1) | Prontosan® (10%) EDTA (10 mM) | Proteins cleavage Matrix disruption Antibacterial activity |
P. aeruginosa (CIP 103.467) S. aureus (CIP 4.83) |
Chronic wounds | Lefebvre et al., 2016 | |
| Mucolytic agent | Ambroxol (1.07 mg ml-1) | Ciprofloxacin (4.0 mg l−1) | Disrupt alginate Antibacterial activity |
P. aeruginosa (PAO1) | Acute lung infection | Cheng et al., 2015 |
| Ambroxol (1.875 mg ml−1) | Vancomycin (2.0 and 5.0 mg ml−1) | Reduce EPS Antibacterial activity | S. epidermidis (ATCC 35984) | Catheter-related bloodstream infections | Zhang et al., 2015 | |
| N-acetyl cysteine (12.5 mg ml−1) | - | Disrupt EPS |
S. epidermidis (ATCC 12228) P. acnes (ATCC 6919) M. smegmatis (mc2 155) |
- | Eroshenko et al., 2017 | |
| N-acetyl cysteine (0 – 100 mg ml−1) | - | Disrupt EPS | MRSA (clinical isolates) QRPA (clinical isolates) |
Post-tympanostomy tube otorrhea | Jun et al., 2019 | |
| N-acetyl cysteine (40 mg ml−1) | Linezolid (1.0 μg ml−1) | Disrupt EPS | S. epidermidis (clinical isolates: 9142 and 1457) | - | Leite et al., 2013 |
A. baumannii, Acinetobacter baumannii; A. xylosoxidans, Achromobacter xylosoxidans; B.cenocepacia, Burkholderia cenocepacia; DNAse I, deoxyribonuclease I; E. coli, Escherichia coli; eDNA, extracellular DNA; EDTA, Ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid; E. faecalis, Enterococcus faecalis; E. faecium, Enterococcus faecium; EPS, extracellular polymeric substances; H. influenzae, Haemophilus influenzae; K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella pneumoniae; MIC, minimum inhibitory concentration; MRSA, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus; M. smegmatis, Mycobacterium smegmatis; P. acnes, Propionibacterium acnes; P. aeruginosa, Pseudomonas aeruginosa; PNAG, poly-β(1-6)-N-acetylglucosamine; QRPA, quinolone-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa; S. aureus, Staphylococcus aureus; S. epidermidis, Staphylococcus epidermidis; S. pyogenes, Streptococcus pyogenes; U, unit.