Table 2.
Biofilm disruptive strategies based on nanodelivery systems.
| Strategy | Composition of the material | Physicochemical characteristics | Mechanism of action | Bacterial strains | Disease model | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Polymeric NPs | Chitosan TPP Encapsulated compound: Oxacillin Functionalization: DNase |
Size: 166.7 nm PDI: 0.179 Z. Potential: +8.3 mV LC: 6.65% |
Disrupt eDNA Electrostatic interactions Antibiotic controlled release |
S. aureus (ATCC 6538) | - | Tan et al., 2018a |
| PLGA PVA poly-L-lysine Encapsulated compound: Ciprofloxacin Functionalization: DNase I |
Size: 251.9 nm PDI: 0.122 Z. Potential: + 28.9 ± 1.43 mV Ciprofloxacin content: 0.17 (w/w) (%) |
Disrupt eDNA Antibiotic controlled release |
P. aeruginosa
(ATCC 15692) S. aureus (ATCC 12600) |
Cystic fibrosis | Baelo et al., 2015 | |
| Chitosan TPP Functionalization: DNase Cellobiose dehydrogenase |
Size: 164.73 nm Z. Potential: + 13.07 mV |
Disrupt eDNA Electrostatic interactions Antibacterial activity |
S. aureus (ATCC 6538) C. albicans (DAY185) |
- | Tan et al., 2020 | |
| Chitosan TPP Encapsulated compound: Ciprofloxacin Functionalization: Alginate lyase |
Size: 205.5 ± 9.0 nm PDI: 0.302 ± 0.031 Z. Potential: 12.2 ± 2.1 mV EE: 51.8 ± 2.1% |
Disrupt extracellular alginate Antibacterial activity |
P. aeruginosa
(clinical isolate) |
Cystic fibrosis | Patel et al., 2019 | |
| Carboxymethyl chitosan Linolenic acid Functionalization: Dispersin B |
LE: 51.14 ± 0.93% LC: 767.08 ± 13.90 mg g−1 |
Disrupt PNAG Electrostatic interactions |
S. aureus (RN6390;15981; 8325; Col) S. epidermidis (QY301; RP62A; M187; 1457) A. actinomycete mcomitans (HK1651) |
- | Tan et al., 2015 | |
| Gold NPs | Citrate-capped gold NPs Functionalization: Proteinase-K |
Size: 27.17 ± 0.61 nm PDI: 0.238 ± 0.022 Z. Potential: −3.79 ± 0.21 mV |
Disrupt extracellular proteins Antibacterial activity |
P. fluorescens (PCL 1701) | - | Habimana et al., 2018 |
| MOFs | gold MIL-88B (Fe) Cerium (IV) complexes |
LC: 11.14 μ mol g−1 | Target eDNA Peroxidase-like activity |
S. aureus (ATCC 25923) | Topical wound | Liu et al., 2019 |
A. actinomycetemcomitans, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans; C. albicans, Candida albicans; DNase I, deoxyribonuclease I; eDNA, extracellular DNA; EE, encapsulation efficiency; LC, loading capacity; LE, loading efficiency; MOFs, Metal–organic frameworks; NPs, nanoparticles; P. aeruginosa, Pseudomonas aeruginosa; PDI, polydispersity index; P. fluorescens, Pseudomonas fluorescens; PLGA, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid); PNAG, poly-β(1-6)-N-acetylglucosamine; PVA, poly(vinyl alcohol); S. aureus, Staphylococcus aureus; S. epidermidis, Staphylococcus epidermidis; TPP, Tri-poly phosphate; Z. Potential, Zeta Potential.