Table 5.
Biofilm disruptive strategies based on ultrasounds and laser-induced microbubbles.
| Strategy | MB/NB characteristics | Additional compounds | Parameters | Bacterial strains | Mechanism of action | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low-intensity and low-frequency ultrasound | - | Vancomycin (50 mg kg−1) |
Frequency: 28.5 kHz Duty cycle: 1:3 Power density: 500 mW cm−2 Time of exposure: 24 or 48 h |
S. epidermidis (ATCC 35984) | In vivo enhancement of antibiotic action | Carmen et al., 2004 |
| - | Gentamicin (8 mg kg−1) |
Frequency: 28.5 kHz Duty cycle: 1:3 Power density: 500 mW cm−2 Time of exposure: 24 or 48 h |
E. coli (ATCC 10798) P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) |
In vivo enhancement of antibiotic action | Carmen et al., 2005 | |
| - | Gentamicin (8 mg kg−1) |
Frequency: 28.48 kHz Power density: 500 mW cm−2 Time of exposure: 24 to 72 h |
E. coli (ATCC 10798) | In vivo enhancement of antibiotic action (applied locally or systemically) | Ensing et al., 2005 | |
| - | Tobramycin (8 and 80 μg ml−1) |
Frequency: 42 kHz Power density: 0.66 W cm−2 Time of exposure: 30 min |
ESBLs E.coli
(Clinic isolates) |
Reduction of the biofilm thickness Loss of structure Enhanced of antibiotic penetration |
Hou et al., 2019 | |
| USMB | SonoVue 30% (v/v) |
Vancomycin (100 μg ml−1) |
Frequency: 0.08 MHz Power density: 1.0 W cm−2 Duty cycle: 50% Time of exposure: 10 min |
S. epidermidis (ATCC 35984) | Formation of micropores Reduction of the biofilm density Increased antibiotic penetration |
He et al., 2011 |
| 1% and 4% (v/v) | Vancomycin (32 mg l−1) |
Frequency: 300 kHz Power density: 0.5 W cm−2 Duty cycle: 50% Time of exposure: 5 min |
S. epidermidis (ATCC 35984) | Formation of micropores Reduction of biofilm thickness Enhancement of susceptibility |
Dong et al., 2013 | |
| 1% and 4% (v/v) | Vancomycin (32 mg l−1) |
Frequency: 1 MHz pulsed US waves Power density: 0.5 W cm−2 Duty cycle: 50% Time of exposure: 5 min |
S. epidermidis (ATCC 35984) | Downregulation of the expression of icaA Interference with quorum sensing regulator genes |
Dong et al., 2017 | |
| 1% (v/v) 4–6 μm |
Vancomycin (25 mg kg−1) |
Frequency: 300 kHz Power density: 0.5 W cm−2 Duty cycle: 50% Time of exposure: 24 to 72 h after surgery; 5 min, 2 times a day |
S. epidermidis (ATCC 35984) |
In vivo:
Reduction of biofilm thickness Enhancement of susceptibility |
Dong et al., 2018 | |
| Perflutren lipid-coated microspheres filled with octafluoropropane gas (mean diameter: 1.1–3.3 μm) |
Gentamicin sulfate (50 mg l−1); Streptomycin sulfate (50 mg l−1) |
500 kHz at a peak negative pressure of 1.1 MPa; 16 cycle tone burst; Frequency: 1 kHz pulse repetition Time of exposure: 5 min |
P. aeruginosa (PAO1) | Formation of craters Synergistic effect with the antibiotics |
Ronan et al., 2016 | |
| Laser-induced vapor nanobubbles | NB produced by the laser thermal effect on 70 nm AuNP (1.4 × 1010 AuNP ml−1) | Pvp-I (0.01%) Chx (0.04%), BzCl (0.06%); Cetr (0.15%), Mupi (0.01%) |
WL: 561 nm Fluence: 1.7 J cm−2 Laser beam diameter: ~150 μm Time of exposure: 1 or 2 laser pulses for 7 ns |
P. aeruginosa (LMG 27622) S. aureus (Mu50) |
Enhanced penetration of antibiotics Biofilm disruption |
Teirlinck et al., 2019 |
AuNP, silver nanoparticles; BzCl, benzalkonium chloride; Cetr, cetrimonium bromide; Chx, chlorhexidine; E. coli, Escherichia coli; ESBLs, extended-spectrum beta-lactamases; MB, microbubbles; Mupi, mupirocin; NB, nanobubbles; P. aeruginosa, Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Pvp-I, povidone-iodine; S. aureus, Staphylococcus aureus; S. epidermidis, Staphylococcus epidermidis; US, ultrasound; USMB, ultrasound and microbubbles; WL, wavelenght.