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Differential effects of miRNAs released in EVs from infected cells. Infection with HSV-1 or EBV induces the release of vesicles containing viral miRNAs that cause degradation of viral mRNAs, while also inducing the expression of ISGs and pro-inflammatory molecules. EBV also expresses a miRNA that functions to block innate immune responses. HBV infection induces the release of immunomodulatory miRNAs that also suppress the innate immune response.
