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. 2020 Jun 1;10:8897. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-65801-8

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Annual means of hard coral and macroalgae cover (%) from 1978 to 2016. Circles represent hard coral cover (black), and macroalgae cover (white) as means ± S.E. (unless n < 3). Circles connected by the line represent subsequent years. The dotted and dashed lines represent the average hard coral cover and macroalgae, respectively. Bars represent the number of monitoring reef sites for hard coral (black) and macroalgae (white).