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. 2020 Jun 1;10:8897. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-65801-8

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Mean effect sizes of the relative annual rate of change (ARC) for (A) hard coral cover and (B) macroalgae cover from the weighted random meta-analysis by regions and periods of analysis: 1978–2016, 1978–2004, and 2005–2016. The ARC mean effect sizes are presented with 95% confidence interval for separate analysis of cover change. The zero lines indicate no effect and the significance of ARC effects is determined when the 95% confidence interval does not overlap zero.