Fig. 5. VLA4 inhibition reverses stromal-mediated immune-suppression and protection of tumor cells from CD3 redirected cytotoxicity in vitro.

Human T cells were cultured with CFSE labeled tumor cells with or without stromal cells (HS-5 or primary MSC) and were treated with varying concentrations of bispecific antibody for 48 h in the presence or absence of neutralizing antibodies to VLA4 or CXCR4. a, b The percentage of dead CFSE⁺ cells was quantitated by flow cytometry. c, d Flow analysis of granzyme B and CD25 expression on CD8⁺ T cells in the killing assays. Data are representative of three or more experiments and are represented as mean ± SD (a, b) and median with range (c, d). ∗p < 0.05, ∗∗p < 0.005, ∗∗∗p < 0.0005; ∗∗∗∗p < 0.0001; n.s. not statistically significant.