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. 2020 Jun 1;10:8812. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-65403-4

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Histological and histomorphometric evaluation of osteogenic parameters in the trabecular bone in ovariectomized (OVX) mice administered with proanthocyanidin-rich grape seed extract (GSE). (A) Representative fluorescent microscopy images showing the calcein (green) labels of the trabecular bone sections of lumbar vertebrae from each of the three groups. The area under the white square in the top row was analyzed at higher magnification as shown in the bottom row. Scale bars in the top and bottom row represent 200 and 50 µm, respectively. (B–D) Quantification of osteogenesis-associated histological measures. In (B–D), the results are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation, showing individual data (n = 6 in Sham + PW, n = 8 in OVX + PW, n = 7 in OVX + GSE). MAR: mineral apposition rate, BFR/BS: bone formation rate/bone surface, and BFR/BV: BFR/bone volume. No significant differences in any of the three measures were found between the three groups.