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. 2020 Jun 1;10:8812. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-65403-4

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Effect of oral administration of proanthocyanidin-rich grape seed extract (GSE) on bone healing in ovariectomized (OVX) and intact rats. (A) Representative micro-CT images of bone defects on the calvaria in Sham + PW, OVX + PW, and OVX + GSE groups 28 days after defect creation. Scale bar = 5 mm. (B) Quantification of bone defect volume based on 3D-reconstructed micro-CT images obtained from the OVX animals. Oral administration of GSE resulted in significantly lower volume of defects than did administration of pure water (PW) in OVX rats, whereas GSE did not significantly affect bone healing in the sham-operated rats (Sham). (C) Quantification of bone defect volume based on 3D-reconstructed micro-CT images obtained from the intact animals. No significant difference was found between the intact + PW and intact + GSE groups. In (B,C), the results are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation, showing individual data (n = 6).