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. 2020 Jun 1;10:8879. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-65817-0

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Performance of the fluid flow-exposed liver-proximal tubule coculture system over 16 days. (A) Systemic tissue viability in the 2-OC represented by LDH production in the surrogate blood circuit (red) and the proximal tubule lumen (yellow). (B) Glucose concentration balance in the surrogate blood circuit (red) and the proximal tubule lumen (yellow) of the 2-OC. Dotted lines represent the respective initial glucose concentration of the media added daily into the liver compartment (red) and proximal tubule lumen (yellow) (C) Metabolic activity of cocultivation measured by lactate production and glucose consumption in the circulating media.