Fig. 5.

In vivo effects of IL-38 on an HDM-induced allergic asthma murine model. a The timeline protocol of the HDM-induced allergic asthma model is shown. b Airway obstruction was measured as Penh values; Penh (% baseline) was calculated by dividing the methacholine-induced Penh value by the PBS baseline value (n = 5). c The total cell number and d–g differential cell counts in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were determined. The release of cytokines and chemokines was measured in h the serum, i the BALF, and j lung homogenates. k, l Representative lung sections stained with H&E or PAS were examined at ×100 or ×400 magnification (n = 5). m Immunostaining analysis of eosinophils in mouse lung tissue samples is shown. Eosinophils were identified using anti-MBP (red) antibodies and nuclei were visualized by DAPI (blue) staining. The lung sections were examined at ×200 magnification. The results are shown as the mean ± SEM of triplicate independent experiments with a total of four to six mice. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, and ***P < 0.001 when compared between the denoted groups. Abbreviations: PAS, periodic acid-Schiff; H&E, hematoxylin and eosin