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. 2020 Jun 1;11:2687. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-16192-x

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a The MDSCs were extracted from muscles of rabbit legs. b The HIF-1α-mutated MDSCs were obtained by lentiviral transfection. c 3D-printed hydrogel scaffold was prepared by 3D printing technology. d Heparin was deposited onto the surface of 3D-printed hydrogel scaffold by layer-by-layer self-assembly to obtain a heparin-coated hydrogel scaffold. e The HIF-1α-mutated MDSCs were seeded on the heparin-coated hydrogel scaffold and secreted angiogenesis-related factors. f The scaffold was implanted in the rabbits with cavernosum injury to repair the penile corpora cavernosa in situ and restore penile erection and ejaculation function. Additionally, baby rabbits were born due to the recovery of the penile erection and ejaculation function (and the subsequent reproductive capability) of the male rabbits through our treatment. Our strategy can lead to the recovery of penis morphology and the reconstruction of the microvascular system in the penile corpora cavernosa.