Table 1.
Patients’ demographic data and clinical characteristics.
| Parameter | All (n = 86) | Non-ON (n = 71) | ON (n = 15) | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (year) | 35.22 ± 12.42 | 35.96 ± 12.89 | 37.47 ± 10.20 | 0.672 |
| Gender (male/female) | 65/86 | 52/19 | 13/2 | 0.341 |
| Follow up duration (years) | 9.42 ± 5.59 | 10.80 ± 5.07 | 2.91 ± 2.43 | <0.001 |
| Alcoholism | 18 (20.9%) | 14 (19.7%) | 4 (26.7%) | 0.548 |
| Major depression disorder | 23 (26.7%) | 4 (26.7%) | 19 (26.8%) | 0.994 |
| Cumulative steroid dose (g)+ | 6.47 ± 5.27 | 6.44 ± 5.71 | 6.61 ± 2.31 | 0.906 |
| Duration of steroid treatment (IQR) | 28 (13–48) | 27 (13–44) | 39 (23–71) | 0.256 |
| Time to hospitalization (days) | 19.06 ± 26.91 | 18.98 ± 27.14 | 19.43 ± 26.72 | 0.953 |
| Estimated ingestion amount (mL) | 56.27 ± 65.70 | 57.80 ± 70.13 | 49.00 ± 39.78 | 0.640 |
| Blood paraquat level first day (PPM) | 1.45 ± 2.03 | 1.53 ± 2.11 | 1.07 ± 1.60 | 0.438 |
| Urine paraquat level first day (PPM) | 28.69 ± 21.16 | 27.16 ± 21.21 | 35.85 ± 20.08 | 0.150 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) first day | 1.39 ± 0.87 | 1.29 ± 0.87 | 1.81 ± 0.81 | 0.167 |
| AST first day level (U/L) | 34.86 ± 14.04 | 36.40 ± 16.65 | 31.00 ± 5.65 | 0.687 |
| ALT first day level | 34.88 ± 37.26 | 30.16 ± 40.31 | 36.60 ± 17.84 | 0.884 |
| Bilirubin first day level (U/L) | 1.07 ± 0.62 | 1.44 ± 0.70 | 0.95 ± 0.77 | 0.252 |
| PaO2 first day (mmHg) | 86.35 ± 12.19 | 86.84 ± 12.13 | 84.04 ± 12.65 | 0.422 |
| PaCO2 first day (mmHg) | 34.43 ± 5.48 | 34.11 ± 5.43 | 35.91 ± 5.69 | 0.250 |
| AaDO2 first day (mmHg) | 20.40 ± 12.05 | 20.32 ± 12.66 | 20.80 ± 8.97 | 0.889 |
| AaDO2 48-h (mmHg) | 29.78 ± 20.12 | 30.16 ± 19.31 | 27.99 ± 24.29 | 0.707 |
| HCO3− first day (meq/dL) | 22.34 ± 3.53 | 22.01 ± 3.37 | 23.88 ± 3.99 | 0.062 |
| PaCO2 48-h (mmHg) | 38.69 ± 12.67 | 37.50 ± 7.99 | 44.28 ± 24.80 | 0.059 |
| PaO2 48-h (mmHg) | 72.08 ± 18.47 | 73.30 ± 18.84 | 66.33 ± 15.92 | 0.186 |
| HCO3−48-h (meq/dL) | 24.81 ± 3.50 | 24.64 ± 3.65 | 25.66 ± 2.64 | 0.307 |
| PaO2/FiO2 first day | 431.77 ± 60.96 | 434.22 ± 60.64 | 420.21 ± 63.23 | 0.422 |
| PaO2/FiO2 48-h | 343.26 ± 84.96 | 349.05 ± 89.73 | 315.87 ± 75.82 | 0.186 |
| SIPP score | 2.95 ± 3.89 | 2.76 ± 3.20 | 4.72 ± 6.94 | 0.404 |
| AKIN 48-h score | 0.47 ± 0.84 | 0.38 ± 0.74 | 0.87 ± 1.13 | 0.040 |
| SOFA 48-h score | 1.94 ± 1.68 | 1.76 ± 1.52 | 2.80 ± 2.14 | 0.028 |
AaDO2: alveolar-arterial differences in oxygen tension; AKIN score: The Acute Kidney Injury Network score; AST: aspartate transaminase; ALT: alanine transaminase; First day: at admission; FiO2: percentage of inspired oxygen; IQR: interquartile range; ON: osteonecrosis; PaO2: partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood; PaCO2: partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the blood; PPM: parts per million; SIPP: severity index of paraquat poisoning; SOFA score: sequential organ failure assessment score; 48-h: 48 hours after admission.
+Cumulative steroid dose is calculated in prednisone equivalent dose for all intravenous and oral glucocorticoid.