TABLE 4.
Overview of Asian language spelling error coding scheme.
| Error category | Chinese | Type | Malay | Type | Tamil | Type |
| Phonological errors | ||||||
| Phonetic radical addition, substitution or omission | ✓ | PC1 | NA | NA | ||
| Single vowel substitution | NA | ✓ | PM1 | ✓ | PT1 | |
| Single vowel addition | NA | ✓ | PM2 | ✓ | PT2 | |
| Single vowel omission | NA | ✓ | PM3 | ✓ | PT3 | |
| Dipthong substitution, addition or omission | NA | ✓ | PM4 | ✓NA | ||
| Short vowel vs. long vowel substitution | NA | NA | ✓ | PT4 | ||
| Long vowel vs. short vowel substitution | NA | NA | ✓ | PT5 | ||
| Consonant substitution | NA | ✓ | PM5 | ✓ | PT6 | |
| Retroflex consonant substitution | NA | NA | ✓ | PT7 | ||
| Consonant addition | NA | ✓ | PM6 | ✓ | PT8 | |
| Consonant omission | NA | ✓ | PM7 | ✓ | PT9 | |
| Similar sounding character/word substitution | ✓ | PC2 | ✓ | PM8 | ✓ | PT10 |
| Partial reversal of phoneme sequence | NA | ✓ | PM9 | ✓ | PT11 | |
| Graphemic-orthographic errors | ||||||
| Reconfiguration of characters or components of characters | ✓ | GC1 | NA | NA | ||
| Similar formed or structured character/grapheme substitution | ✓ | GC2 | ✓ | GM1 | ✓ | GT1 |
| Addition, omission, or protrusion of strokes | ✓ | GC3 | NA | GM2 | ✓ | GT2 |
| Addition, omission or substitution of diacritics | NA | NA | ✓ | GT3 | ||
| Morphological-semantic errors | ||||||
| Substitution of semantically related character/word | ✓ | MC1 | ✓ | MM1 | ✓ | MT1 |
| Substitution of homophone character/word | ✓ | MC2 | NA | NA | ||
| Morpheme omission (character, pre-/suffix or root) | ✓ | MC3 | ✓ | MM2 | ✓ | MT2 |
| Other errors | ||||||
| Substitution by irrelevant word/non-word | ✓ | OC1 | ✓ | OM1 | ✓ | OT1 |
| No response | ✓ | OC2 | ✓ | OM2 | ✓ | OT2 |
NA, Not applicable to this writing system; ✓, Applicable; NA, Applicable in general to this writing system, but not a possible error with the item set used in this study; PC, PM, and PT, Phonological error for Chinese, Malay, Tamil, respectively; GC, GM, and GT, Graphemic-orthographic error for Chinese, Malay, Tamil, respectively; MC, MM, and MT, Morphological-semantic error for Chinese, Malay, Tamil, respectively; OC, OM, and OT, Other errors for Chinese, Malay, Tamil, respectively.