TABLE 5a.
Average overall errors and proportions of error types for Asian language groups in the full sample (N = 568).
| Asian language group | Spelling error measure | M (SD) | Mdn | Range | Skewness (SE) | Kurtosis (SE) |
| Chinese (n = 321) | ||||||
| Total errors | 7.50 (1.85) | 8.00 | 0.00 − 13.00 | −1.02(0.14) | 4.30(0.27) | |
| Proportion of P | 0.03 (0.12) | 0.00 | 0.00 − 1.00 | 6.43(0.14) | 45.46(0.27) | |
| Proportion of G | 0.09 (0.13) | 0.00 | 0.00 − 1.00 | 2.14(0.14) | 8.73(0.27) | |
| Proportion of M | 0.09 (0.10) | 0.10 | 0.00 − 0.43 | 0.90(0.14) | 0.09(0.27) | |
| Proportion of O | 0.79 (0.21) | 0.83 | 0.00 − 1.00 | −1.42(0.14) | 2.84(0.27) | |
| Malay (n = 128) | ||||||
| Total errors | 7.31 (4.38) | 8.00 | 0.00 − 18.00 | 0.16(0.21) | −0.98(0.43) | |
| Proportion of P | 0.68 (0.24) | 0.73 | 0.00 − 1.00 | −1.11(0.21) | 1.30(0.43) | |
| Proportion of G | 0.15 (0.18) | 0.11 | 0.00 − 1.00 | 2.17(0.21) | 6.23(0.43) | |
| Proportion of M | 0.06 (0.09) | 0.00 | 0.00 − 0.38 | 1.23(0.21) | 0.60(0.43) | |
| Proportion of O | 0.11 (0.24) | 0.00 | 0.00 − 1.00 | 2.68(0.37) | 7.39(0.73) | |
| Tamil (n = 119) | ||||||
| Total errors | 8.62 (2.23) | 9.00 | 3.00 – 15.00 | −0.00(0.22) | 0.73(0.44) | |
| Proportion of P | 0.44 (0.31) | 0.43 | 0.00 – 1.00 | 0.12(0.22) | −1.17(0.44) | |
| Proportion of G | 0.07 (0.78) | 0.00 | 0.00 – 0.30 | 0.85(0.22) | −0.13(0.44) | |
| Proportion of M | 0.00 (0.03) | 0.00 | 0.00 – 0.25 | 7.45(0.22) | 59.44(0.44) | |
| Proportion of O | 0.49 (0.33) | 0.50 | 0.00 – 1.00 | 0.02(0.22) | −1.24(0.44) |
P, Phonological errors; G, Graphemic-orthographic errors; M, Morphological-semantic errors; O, Other errors.