TABLE 5b.
Average overall errors and proportions of error types for Asian language groups across the subsample (N = 120).
| Asian language group | Spelling error measure | M (SD) | Mdn | Range | Skewness (SE) | Kurtosis (SE) |
| Chinese (n = 40) | ||||||
| Total errors | 7.78 (2.36) | 8.00 | 0.00 – 12.00 | −1.65(0.37) | 4.40(0.73) | |
| Proportion of P | 0.04 (0.16) | 0.00 | 0.00 – 1.00 | 5.71(0.37) | 34.19(0.73) | |
| Proportion of G | 0.08 (0.11) | 0.00 | 0.00 – 0.33 | 1.28(0.37) | 0.26(0.73) | |
| Proportion of M | 0.08 (0.23) | 0.00 | 0.00 – 0.43 | 1.49(0.37) | 1.54(0.73) | |
| Proportion of O | 0.81 (2.36) | 0.89 | 0.00 – 1.00 | −1.50(0.37) | 2.65(0.73) | |
| Malay (n = 40) | ||||||
| Total errors | 6.05 (4.43) | 4.00 | 0.00 – 14.00 | 0.43(0.37) | −1.24(0.73) | |
| Proportion of P | 0.70 (0.24) | 0.75 | 0.00 – 1.00 | −1.38(0.37) | 1.95(0.73) | |
| Proportion of G | 0.12 (0.12) | 0.11 | 0.00 – 0.38 | 1.06(0.37) | 1.24(0.73) | |
| Proportion of M | 0.07 (0.09) | 0.00 | 0.00 – 0.50 | 1.38(0.37) | 2.05(0.73) | |
| Proportion of O | 0.11 (0.24) | 0.00 | 0.00 – 1.00 | 2.68(0.37) | 7.39(0.73) | |
| Tamil (n = 40) | ||||||
| Total errors | 9.10 (1.98) | 9.00 | 5.00 – 15.00 | 0.68(0.37) | 1.65(0.73) | |
| Proportion of P | 0.40 (0.33) | 0.33 | 0.00 – 1.00 | 0.44(0.37) | −1.20(0.73) | |
| Proportion of G | 0.07 (0.7) | 0.08 | 0.00 – 0.29 | 0.82(0.37) | 0.31(0.73) | |
| Proportion of | 0.00 (0.02) | 0.00 | 0.00 – 0.13 | 6.33(0.37) | 40.00(0.73) | |
| Proportion of O | 0.53 (0.36) | 0.58 | 0.00 – 1.00 | −0.28(0.37) | −1.33(0.73) |
P, Phonological errors; G, Graphemic-orthographic errors; M, Morphological-semantic errors; O, Other errors. Subsample is matched across language groups for SES (mother’s education).