TABLE 7b.

Most frequently occurring subtypes of spelling errors within triple-code categories for Malay.

Spelling error measure	Total n	Rank 1	Rank 2	Rank 3
Other errors	234	Substitution by irrelevant word/non-word (OM1 − n = 185)	Non-response (OM2 – n = 49)
Morphological-semantic	85	Morpheme Omission (MM2 – n = 55)	Substitution of semantically related character/word (MM1 − n = 30)
Graphemic-orthographic	102	Similar formed or structured grapheme substitution (GM1 − n = 102)
Phonological errors	375	Single vowel substitution (PM1 − n = 186)	Single vowel omission (PM3 − n = 119)	Consonant omission (PM7 − n = 70)

n, number of errors across the full sample of Malay-speaking participants.