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. 2020 May 26;11:464. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00464

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Copyright © 2020 Kappadan, Telele, Uzelac, Fenton, Parlitz, Luther and Christoph.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Phase singularity dynamics of action potential vortex waves on contracting and contraction-inhibited ventricular heart surface. (A) Phase maps showing phase singularities as nodal points. (B) Number of phase singularities N_PS over time. Right: mean of N_PS and standard deviation (6 s). (C) Space-time plots (vertical axis: time) indicating trajectories of phase singularities across heart surface.