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. 2020 May 26;11:884. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00884

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Copyright © 2020 Robitzsch, Lüdtke, Goldhammer, Kroehne and Köller.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Trends for paper-based assessment (PBA), computer-based assessment (CBA), and officially reported adjusted trends. (A) Time-constant mode effect; (B) disappearing mode effect by performance increase in CBA; (C) disappearing mode effect by performance decrease in PBA.