TABLE 1.
Long non-coding RNAs (LncRNAs) that regulate host immune response to pathogenic infection.
| LncRNAs | Stimulation | Target genes (regulation) | Mechanism | References |
| IL1β-eRNA IL1β-RBT46 |
Lipopolysaccharide | IL-1β (↑), CXCL8 (↑) | Unknown mechanism | IIott et al., 2014 |
| Cox2 | Lipopolysaccharide | Ccl5 (↓), Ip10 (↓), Ptgs2 (↓), Il6 (↑), Il17 (↑) | Binds with heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A/B and A2/B1 | Carpenter et al., 2013; Elling et al., 2018 |
| LncISG15 lncBST2/BISPR | IFNα type 2 Hepatitis C virus | BST2 (↑) | Unknown mechanism | Barriocanal et al., 2014 |
| NeST | Theiler’s virus | IFN-γ (↑) | Binds with WD repeat-containing protein 5 (WDR5) which is a component of the H3 lysine 4 methyltransferase complex | Gomez et al., 2013 |
| CD244 | Tuberculosis | IFN-γ (↓), TNF-α (↓) | Recruits polycomb protein enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) and enhances H3K27 trimethylation at promoter regions | Wang et al., 2015 |
| NRAV | Influenza A virus Sendai virus Muscovy Duck Reovirus Herpes simplex virus | ISGs (↓) | Decrease H3K4me3 at ISGs transcription start sites | Ouyang et al., 2014 |
| LUARIS | poly (I:C) | ISGs (↓) | Directly interacts with heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein U (hnRNPU) and activating transcription factor 2 (ATF2) | Nishitsuji et al., 2016 |
| NEAT1 | (1) Influenza virus, Herpes simplex virus (2) Hantaan virus (3) DNA viruses | (1) IL8 (↑) (2) RIG-I (↑), DDX60 (↑), IFN-β (↑) (3) IFN-α (↑), IFN-β (↑) | (1), (2) Sequesters splicing factor proline and glutamine rich to paraspeckles (3) Interacts with HEXIM1 which was a transcription inhibitor | (1) Imamura et al., 2014 (2) Ma et al., 2017 (3) Morchikh et al., 2017 |
BST2, bone marrow stromal cell antigen 2, CCL, C-C motif ligand, CXCL, C-X-C motif chemokine, DDX60, DExD/H-Box Helicase 60, IL, interleukin, IFN, interferon, ISGs, interferon-stimulated genes, Ptgs2, prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2, RIG-I, retinoic acid-inducible gene-I.